PLTW: HBS EOC Exam Review

What is the function of the urinary system?

To filter blood, remove waste in the form of urine

What are the four organs involved in the urinary system?

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

What is the function of the kidney?

To filter blood and create urea

What are ureters?

Tubes that transfer the urea from the kidney to the bladder

What is the bladder?

Holds the urine until it can be removed

What is the urethra?

Transports the urine out of the body

What is the function of the nervous system?

Information collection and response, control of basic body functions

What organs/structures are involved in the nervous system?

Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sensory organs

What are peripheral nerves?

Nerves that carry signals to and from limbs

What is the function of the immune system?

Prevents and eliminates infections

What are the organs of the immune system?

Thymus, tonsils, appendix, spleen, lymph nodes, skin

What is the thymus?

Promotes production of WBCs

What are the tonsils?

Trap pathogens as they enter the body

What is the appendix?

Stores good bacteria

What is the spleen?

Filters blood

What are the lymph nodes?

Filter lymph fluid

What is the function of the digestive system?

To break down food into nutrients to fuel the body

What are the organs of the digestive system?

Teeth/tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, gall bladder, liver

What is the pharynx?

Connects the mouth to the esophagus

What is the rectum?

The final section of the large intestine

What is the anus?

Part of the body from which stool is released

What is the gall bladder?

Small membranous sac that stores bile and releases it into the large intestine

What is the liver?

Makes bile for the small intestine

What is the function of the respiratory system?

Takes in oxygen for cells and removes cellular CO2 waste.

What are the organs of the respiratory system?

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, epiglottis, bronchi,, alveoli

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

Moves blood throughout the body

What organs/structures make up the cardiovascular system?

Atria, ventricles, arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, capillaries

What is the function of the endocrine system?

Responsible for secretion of hormones

anterior

front

ventral

front (belly)

posterior

back

dorsal

back

superior

higher, above

inferior

lower, below

lateral

side

medial

toward the middle

proximal

on limb, nearer to attachment point

far

distal

on limb, farther from attachment point

near

superficial

more external, surface of the body

deep

more internal

What does epithelial tissue do?

COVERS

lines organs and body cavities

How is epithelial tissue structured?

Layers (one kind of cells inside, different kind outside)

What does muscle tissue do?

MOVES

makes up all muscles, including the heart

How is muscle tissue structured?

Long and narrow so they can contract to allow movement

What does nervous tissue do?

SIGNALS

includes neurons

How is nervous tissue structured?

long axons to allow signals to travel distances, branches for connections

What does connective tissue do?

JOINS

adipose (fat), blood, bone, cartilage, etc.

How is connective tissue structured?

fairly consistent matrix to allow it to fill spaces of various shapes/sizes

What is the axial skeleton?

the skull and trunk

PROTECTS soft organs like brain, heart, lungs

What is the appendicular skeleton?

the arms and legs

used for LOCOMOTION

What is forensic anthropology?

the study of mankind; bones at a crime scene

Male skull eye sockets

square

Female skull eye sockets

rounded

Male skull mandible

u-shaped

Female skull mandible

v-shaped

Male pelvis

heart-shaped

Female pelvis

rounded

Male end of pelvis

angled-in coccyx

Female end of pelvis

wider pubic arch

What bones can be used to determine height?

femur and humerus

What is the best predictor of age in a pelvis?

more fused = older

DNA stands for

deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA makes up ______, which make up _______.

genes, chromosomes

Each gene codes for a ______, which determines a _______.

protein, trait

(ex, hemoglobin protein, oxygen carrying RBC trait)

What are biometrics?

"life measurement" used for security purposes

ex. iris scans, voice, analysis, fingerprinting

What is used to amplify DNA (make many samples of DNA)

polymerase chain reactions (PCR)

What kind of chemicals cut DNA?

restriction enzymes

What is used to analyze the size of DNA fragments?

gel electrophoresis

Restriction enzymes cut DNA into smaller fragments called ______.

restriction length polymorphisms (RFPL), are what is seen on gel electrophoresis

What is gel electrophoresis?

how RFPLs get seperated

smaller bits of DNA are lighter, so bits get separated by size and allow to tell individuals apart

What charge does DNA have?

negative

What kind of gel does gel electrophoresis use?

agarose gel

When DNA is placed in the electrophoresis well, it is near a _______ electrode. When electricity is started, the move toward _______ electrode.

negative, positive

Communication in the human body can be what two types?

chemical or electrical

What are consequences of miscommunication in the body?

uncontrolled movements, lack of balance, paralysis, mental illness, etc.

What is sensory input?

sense information that is carried to the brain

What is motor output?

muscle movement as a response to a stimulus

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

the nerves of the body not including the brain and spinal cord

What is the central nervous system (CNS)?

the nerves of the brain and spinal cord

What parts of the brain control necessary bodily functions?

cerebellum (balance, coordination), brainstem (breathing, swallowing, heart rate, etc.)

What parts of the brain control emotion?

hippocampus (memory), amygdala (anger), hypothalmus (desire)

Which lobes of the brain are connected to intelligence and higher cognitive functions?

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe

What part of the brain allows speech?

Broca's area

What part of the brain allows voluntary movement?

Motor cortex

What part of the brain processes sensory information?

Sensory cortex

What part of the brain processes speech?

Wernicke's area

What are gyri?

the ridges and grooves in the brain

What are sulci?

the valleys between grooves in the brain

What body system controls electrical communication?

nervous system

What body system controls chemical signals?

endocrine system

What does a neuron do?

sends electrical signals through the body

What do dendrites do?

pick up signals

What do axons do?

carry signals through the neuron

What does the myelin sheath do?

insulates the axon

What do the Nodes of Ranvier do?

allow nutrients in and waste out/the space between the myelin

What do axon terminals do?

branch to meet other neurons, transmit messages

What are synapses?

the place one neuron connects to the next

What is a synaptic cleft?

the joint between neurons

What are neurotransmitters?

chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other

What do sensory neurons do?

pick up signals through senses, send info from PNS to CNS