Regenerating Places - Edexcel Geography A-level

This set of flashcards covers key vocabulary and concepts related to the themes of place and regeneration in geography.

Near Places

Places that are considered close, which can be subjective depending on the individual's location and circumstances.

Far Places

Distant locations that may hold emotional significance, even if physically closer.

Experienced Places

Locations that individuals have actually visited, creating emotional attachments.

Media Places

Places known through media representations without having physically visited them.

Administrative Places

Locations that make decisions about infrastructure and economic organization for surrounding areas.

Commercial Places

Areas with a strong business presence, often hosting many TNCs and various businesses.

Retail Places

Towns or cities vibrant with shopping facilities serving as primary sources of local employment.

Industrial Places

Locations whose economy is largely based on industrial activity, such as manufacturing.

Insiders

Individuals who feel at home in a place, often identified by factors like citizenship and fluency in local languages.

Outsiders

Individuals who feel alienated in a place, often due to ethnicity or unfamiliarity with local culture.

Primary Sector

The economic sector involved in the collection of raw materials, essential for other sectors.

Secondary Sector

The sector that focuses on manufacturing raw materials into goods and products.

Tertiary Sector

The provision of services including education, government operations, and retail.

Quaternary Sector

The technology-based sector involving high-skill employment in research, finance, and IT.

Clarke-Fisher Model

A model depicting stages of economic development across different sectors.

Endogenous Factors

Characteristics originating from within a location, influencing its identity.

Exogenous Factors

Influences from outside a location that affect its economic and social connections.

Regeneration Strategy

Plans to improve a location through infrastructure, housing development, and investment.

Gentrification

The process where urban renewal attracts affluent residents, leading to displacement of existing communities.

Economic Productivity

The measure of monetary value generated by a location's workforce or industries.

Index of Multiple Deprivation

A tool used to measure various forms of deprivation across different areas.

Near Places

Places that are considered geographically or emotionally close to an individual, often leading to a stronger sense of attachment and familiarity. This proximity can be subjective, influenced by personal experiences, daily routines, and the ease of access to the location.

Far Places

Distant locations that may be physically far or hold a psychological distance, yet can still evoke strong emotional significance. These places might be aspirational, represent a past home, or be known primarily through media and stories rather than direct experience.

Experienced Places

Locations that individuals have personally visited and interacted with, leading to direct sensory and emotional engagements. These first-hand experiences create deep, often unique, attachments and memories, shaping an individual's sense of place.

Media Places

Places primarily known and understood through various forms of media, such as films, television, books, news, or social media. Perceptions of these places are often shaped by the narratives, imagery, and stereotypes presented, rather than direct physical visitation.

Administrative Places

Locations distinguished by their function as centers for decision-making regarding governance, infrastructure planning, and economic organization for surrounding areas. These places often house local or regional government offices and play a crucial role in resource allocation and policy implementation.

Commercial Places

Areas characterized by a high concentration of business activity, including retail, service industries, and corporate offices. These places are often economic hubs, attracting investment and hosting numerous transnational corporations (TNCs) and diverse local businesses.

Retail Places

Towns or cities that are notably vibrant with shopping facilities, serving as primary centers for the sale of goods and services. These areas are significant sources of local employment and often form the commercial heart of a community.

Industrial Places

Locations whose economies are predominantly based on industrial activities, such as manufacturing, heavy production, or resource extraction. Historically, these places were focal points during the Industrial Revolution and continue to be defined by their production output.

Insiders

Individuals who possess a strong sense of belonging and familiarity within a particular place, often characterized by factors such as citizenship, long-term residency, fluency in local languages, and a deep understanding of local customs and social networks. They feel 'at home'.

Outsiders

Individuals who feel a sense of alienation or disconnection from a particular place, often due to differences in ethnicity, language barriers, unfamiliarity with local culture, or a lack of social integration. This can result in a feeling of not belonging or being on the periphery.

Primary Sector

The economic sector focused on the extraction and collection of raw materials directly from the earth. This includes activities such as agriculture, fishing, forestry, and mining, which are foundational for all other economic sectors.

Secondary Sector

The economic sector that transforms raw materials, obtained from the primary sector, into finished goods and products through manufacturing and construction processes. Examples include car production, food processing, and building construction.

Tertiary Sector

The economic sector dedicated to the provision of services rather than physical goods. This broad sector encompasses a wide range of activities, including education, government operations, healthcare, retail, tourism, and financial services.

Quaternary Sector

The technology-based economic sector involving high-skill, knowledge-intensive employment. It includes activities such as scientific research and development, information technology (IT) services, financial consulting, and media, driving innovation and intellectual capital.

Clarke-Fisher Model

A theoretical model in economic geography that illustrates the progression of economic development across different sectors. It typically shows a shift from a predominance of the primary sector in less developed economies, through the growth of the secondary sector, to the dominance of the tertiary and quaternary sectors in highly developed post-industrial economies.

Endogenous Factors

The internal characteristics and forces originating from within a specific location that contribute to its unique identity and development. These include physical geography (e.g., topography, natural resources), infrastructure (e.g., roads, buildings), land use patterns, local economic structure, and demographic composition.

Exogenous Factors

External influences and flows from outside a location that significantly affect its economic, social, and cultural connections and development. Examples include the movement of capital, people (e.g., migration, tourism), resources, goods, global ideas, government policies, decisions by transnational corporations (TNCs), and broader global events.

Regeneration Strategy

Comprehensive plans and initiatives designed to improve the economic, social, and environmental conditions of a specific area. These strategies often involve significant investment in infrastructure, new housing developments, job creation programs, and cultural projects aimed at revitalizing distressed regions.

Gentrification

A process of urban renewal where affluent residents move into and renovate properties in previously low-income urban neighborhoods. This often leads to increased property values and rents, resulting in the displacement of existing working-class communities and a significant change in the socio-economic and cultural character of the area.

Economic Productivity

A measure of the monetary value generated by a location's workforce or industries, typically assessed by metrics such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, output per worker, or value added per hour worked. It indicates the efficiency with which resources are converted into goods and services, influencing overall economic growth and living standards.

Index of Multiple Deprivation

A sophisticated geographical tool used in the UK to measure various forms of deprivation across small areas, typically at the Lower Layer Super Output Area (LSOA) level. It combines statistics from several domains, including income, employment, health, education, housing, crime, and living environment, to create a composite score indicating the relative deprivation of a place.

Sense of Place

The deeply personal, subjective, and emotional attachment and meaning that people associate with a particular place. It is shaped by individual experiences, memories, cultural associations, physical characteristics, and collective narratives, making each place unique in human perception.

Place Marketing

The strategic process of actively promoting a specific geographic location to attract investment, tourism, skilled residents, or businesses. It involves creating a positive image, highlighting unique features, and using branding and communication strategies to enhance the desirability and competitiveness of the place.

Rebranding

The deliberate act of changing the public perception and identity of a place, often as part of a regeneration strategy or to address negative stereotypes. This can involve new marketing campaigns, changes to physical infrastructure, cultural initiatives, or major events designed to create a fresh image and attract new audiences or investments.

Local Multiplier Effect

An economic phenomenon where new jobs or investment in a local area lead to additional jobs and wealth creation as money circulates within the community. For example, a new factory creates direct jobs, and these employees then spend their wages locally, supporting other businesses and creating further indirect employment.

Globalization

The accelerating process of interconnectedness and interdependence among the world's economies, cultures, and populations. It is driven by advancements in trade, communication technologies, transportation, and international agreements, leading to a more integrated global system with widespread economic, social, political, and environmental impacts.

Homogenization of Place

A phenomenon where distinct places worldwide begin to lose their unique characteristics and become increasingly similar, often due to the global spread of chain stores, standardized architecture, international brands, and mass-produced cultural elements. This can lead to a 'placelessness' in different locations.

Clone Town

A term used to describe a town or high street that has lost its unique character and is dominated by a high proportion of chain stores, restaurants, and national brands, making it indistinguishable from many other towns. This often results in a decline of independent local businesses.

Representation of Place

The various ways in which a place is portrayed or depicted through different mediums, such as literature, art, film, photography, social media, news reports, and statistical data. These representations significantly influence public perception, attitudes, and understanding of a place, often shaping its identity and perceived value.

Quantitative Data (related to place)

Numerical information that can be measured and expressed statistically, providing objective insights into the characteristics of a place. Examples include population size, average income, housing prices, crime rates, visitor numbers, and demographic statistics.

Qualitative Data (related to place)

Non-numerical information that focuses on human experiences, feelings, and interpretations, providing in-depth, subjective insights into a place. This can be gathered through methods like interviews, photographs, personal narratives, poetry, art, and observational studies, revealing emotions and perceptions.

Identity of Place

The distinct character and meaning attributed to a specific location, shaped by a combination of its physical attributes (e.g., landscape, architecture), human activities (e.g., economy, culture), historical events, and the emotional connections people have with it. It's what makes a place unique and recognizable.

Transition Town

A grassroots community initiative focused on building local resilience in response to global challenges like climate change and resource depletion (e.g., peak oil). These towns aim to increase self-sufficiency through local food production, renewable energy, and community-led economic projects.

Place-making

A multi-faceted and collaborative approach to the planning, design, and management of public spaces. It focuses on creating high-quality public places that promote health, happiness, and well-being, leveraging a community's assets, inspiration, and potential to create spaces that people truly value.

Social Deprivation

A state of adverse social conditions where individuals or communities lack access to essential resources, opportunities, and services necessary for a reasonable quality of life. This can include poverty, lack of educational opportunities, limited access to healthcare, and social exclusion.

Environmental Deprivation

The condition of living in an area characterized by a poor-quality physical environment. This includes factors such as high levels of pollution (air, noise, water), lack of green spaces, derelict buildings, poor waste management, and general degradation of local amenities, negatively impacting residents' health and well-being.