FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Prokaryote

Greek word for prenucleus

Eukaryote

Greek word for true nucleus

Monomorphic

Most bacteria are _____, meaning having one form, structural pattern.

Bacillus, Coccus, Spiral

Basic Shapes of Prokaryotes

Cocci

Spherical.

These are usually round but can be oval, elongated, flattened on one side.

When these reproduce, the cells can remain attached to one another.

Diplococci

Remain in pairs after dividing

Streptococci

Remain attached in chainlike patterns

Tetrads

Divide into two planes and remain in groups of four

Sarcinae

Divide in three planes and remain in groups of four.

Staphylococci

Divide in multiple planes and form grapelike clusters or broad sheets

Bacilli

Rod-shaped.

Divide only across their short axis, so there are fewer groupings than cocci.

Single Bacilli

Single Rods

Diplobacilli

Appear in pairs after division

Streptobacilli

Occur in chains

Coccobacilli

Oval and looks so much like cocci

Vibrios

Curved Rods

Spirilla

Have a helical shape, like a corkscrew, and fairly rigid bodies

Spirochetes

Helical and Flexible

Monomorphic

Most bacteria are _____, which means it maintain a simple shape.

Plasmid

These are DNA, but not part of the nucleid; carry genes that trigger antibiotic resistance

Glycocalyx

Meaning sugar coat, the general term used for substances that surrounds the cells.

Flagella

A long, whip-like structure that helps in the movement of prokaryotic and some eukaryotic cells.

Flagellin

Flagella re made of chains of ______

Taxis

The movement of bacterium toward or away from a particular stimulus.

Axial Filaments

Also called endoflagella.

In spirochetes.

Anchored at one end of a cell.

Rotation causes cell to move.

Fimbriae

Allow attachment.

Can occur at the poles of bacterial cell or can be evenly distributed over the entire surface of the cell.

Has the tendency to adhere to each other and to surface

Pili

Facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another.

Cell Wall

Prevents osmotic lysis.

Protects the interior of the cell from adverse changes in the outside environment.

Made of peptidoglycan in baceria.

N-acetylglucosamine

Peptidoglycan.

Polymer of disaccharide

(NAG)

N-acetylmuramic acid

Peptidoglycan.

Polymer of disaccharide

(NAM)

Cytoplasm

The liquid substance inside the plasma membrane.

Made up of cytosol.

Inclusions

Non-living substances found within cells are not bound by membranes

Metachromatic Granules (Volutin)

Large.

Colutin represents a reserve of inorganic phosphate that can be used in the synthesis of ATP.

Phosphate reserves.

Polysaccharide Granules

Typically consist of glycogen and starch.

Energy reserves.

Lipid Inclusions

Fatty acid reserves stored in lipid droplets within cells, providing energy when needed.

Sulfur Granules

Derive energy by oxidizing sulfur and sulfur-containing compounds.

Energy Reserves

Carboxysomes

Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation.

Use CO2 as their sole source of carbon.

Gas Vacuoles

Protein-covered cylinders.

To remain buoyancy so that cells can remain at the depth in the waterto optimize light and nutrient access.

Magnetosomes

Have magnetic material; aligns with the magnetic field of the earth, uses the magnetic field for motility.

Glycocalyx

A sticky layer of polysaccharides that surrounds the cell wall of eukaryotes, providing protection and helping in adhesion to surfaces.

Phospholipid Bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that forms the fundamental structure of cell membranes, providing a barrier between the intracellular and extracellular environments.

Phagocytosis

To eat.

Pseudopods extend and engulf particles.

Pinocytosis

To drink.

Membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substances

Organelles

Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions, such as energy production, protein synthesis, and waste processing.

Nucleus

Contains chromosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Transport Network

Golgi Complex

Membrane formation and secretion

Lysosome

Digestive enzymes

Vacuole

Brings food into cells and provides support.

Mitochondrion

Powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP through respiration.

Chloroplast

Organelles in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis, converting sunlight into chemical energy.

Peroxisome

Organelles that contain enzymes for breaking down/oxidation of fatty acids and detoxifying harmful substances.

Centrosome

The microtubule organizing center of the cell that plays a critical role in cell division by helping to organize the mitotic spindle.

Endosymbiotic Theory

A scientific explanation for the origin of eukaryotic cells, proposing that they evolved from prokaryotic cells through a symbiotic relationship.