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Louisiana Purchase
A significant land acquisition made by the United States from France in 1803, where the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of territory west of the Mississippi River for $15 million. This purchase doubled the size of the United States and played a crucial role in its westward expansion and development.
Lewis and Clark Expedition
A journey undertaken by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark from 1804 to 1806, commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Territory and find a practical route to the Pacific Ocean. This expedition provided valuable information about the geography, biology, and the diverse Native American tribes inhabiting the region, significantly influencing American expansionism and national identity during the Era of Jefferson.
Judicial Review; Marbury vs. Madison
The power of the courts to examine and invalidate legislation and executive actions that are deemed unconstitutional. This principle empowers the judiciary to act as a check on the other branches of government, ensuring that laws align with the Constitution. Established primarily through landmark cases, judicial review has significant implications for the balance of power within the federal government and the evolution of political parties.
This particular case established the principle of judicial review - the power of the federal courts to declare legislative and executive acts unconstitutional.
Barbary Pirates
The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean. From 1795-1801, the U.S. paid the Barbary states for protection against the pirates.
Impressment
The practice of forcibly recruiting individuals into military service, particularly naval forces, often without their consent. This method was notably used by the British Royal Navy during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, which led to significant tensions with the United States as American sailors were captured and forced to serve on British ships.
Embargo Act of 1807
A law enacted by President Thomas Jefferson that prohibited American ships from trading with foreign nations. This act aimed to protect American interests and avoid involvement in conflicts between Britain and France, but it ultimately had significant negative effects on the U.S. economy and contributed to rising tensions that led to the War of 1812.
Nonintercourse Act (1809)
A law enacted in 1809 that aimed to restrict trade with Great Britain and France, specifically targeting their interference with American shipping and trade. This act was a response to ongoing tensions between the United States and European powers, particularly the British practice of impressment, and sought to protect American interests while maintaining a stance of neutrality. It played a significant role during the era of Jefferson, as it reflected the growing divide between political parties over foreign policy and economic strategies.
Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)
Became law in the United States on May 14, 1810, was intended to motivate Great Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars. The law lifted all embargoes with Britain and France (for three months).
Techumseh
A coalition of Native American tribes led by the Shawnee chief Tecumseh in the early 19th century, aimed at resisting the encroachment of American settlers on their lands. This confederacy sought to unify various tribes across the Midwest to reclaim their territory and maintain their way of life, signaling a significant moment in Native American resistance against U.S. expansion during a period of rapid growth and territorial conflict.
Battle of Tippecanoe
A significant conflict fought between American forces led by Governor William Henry Harrison and Native American warriors associated with Shawnee leader Tecumseh on November 7, 1811. This battle was crucial in the context of rising tensions between American settlers and Native Americans, as well as the broader issues of expansionism and national identity in early 19th century America.
War Hawks
Members of Congress who put pressure on President James Madison to declare war against Britain in 1812. The War Hawks tended to be from southern and western states, and were prompted by expansionist tendencies, in particular the desire to add Canada and Florida to the territory of the United States.
War of 1812
A military conflict fought between the United States and Great Britain from 1812 to 1815, primarily over maritime rights and trade restrictions. This war is significant as it shaped national identity, reinforced American sovereignty, and influenced the development of political parties in the early 19th century.
Battle of New Orleans
A significant military conflict fought between January 8 and January 18, 1815, during the War of 1812, where American forces led by General Andrew Jackson achieved a decisive victory over the British. This battle not only boosted American nationalism but also marked the end of the War of 1812, highlighting the growing sense of identity and pride in the young nation.
Hartford Convention (1814)
A meeting of New England Federalists held in Hartford Connecticut in the winter of 1814-15. These Federalist opposed the War of 1812 and held the convention to discuss and seek redress by Washington for their complaints and wrongs that the felt had been done.
