Mechanical springs

Helical Springs

made of elastic material and formed into a helix shaped

Helical Springs

used to store energy and subsequently release it when needed

Helical Springs

absorb shock or maintain force between two contacting surfaces

types of coil end 

Plain
Ground 

Squared 

Squared and Ground

stress on spring material

stress factors

proposed to take to account the curvature of spring

stress factors

Wahl Factor

Bergstrasser factor 

Wahl Factor

Bergstrasser factor 

spring index = c

If the shear in transverse direction of the spring is of significance, multiply the Whal factor, Kw by the —-

stress-concentration factor, Ksc

stress-concentration factor, Ksc

deflection of spring 

deflection of spring at solid force 

spring rate

impact load on spring 

spring connected in series

spring connected in parallel

Leaf Springs

consist of several layers of thin metal springs joined together to perform as a single unit.

Leaf Springs

widely used as suspension in automobiles

maximum stress 

deflection of spring in leaf springs