Unit 2 intro to kinesiology

anatomical position

joint angles at zero degrees (standing with palms forward)

axial region

protect vital organs; skull, vertebrae, sacrum, sternum, ribs

appendicular region

region that includes 4 limbs; upper and lower

superior

towards the head

inferior

towards the feet

anterior

towards the front of the body

posterior

towards the back of the body

medial

towards the midline

lateral

away from the midline

proximal

closer to the point of attachment

distal

further from the point of attachment

superfical

towards skin/outside

deep

towards inside/internal

ipsilateral

on same side

contralateral

on both sides

frontal body plane movements and visual

abdication, adduction, lateral flexion; glass in front and behind you

transverse body plane movements and visual

rotation(internal or external), pronation and supination; rod

sagittal body plane movements and visual

flexion and extension; glass on either sides

oblique planes

any imaginary flat surface that divides the body at an angle that is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the main anatomical planes(power from throwing ball)

goniometry

science and techniques of measuring joint motion

How can a goniometer be useful

measures joint motion to increase motion

find impairments(ROM restrictments)

establish a diagnosis

document improvements

measure assessment

motivate patient

research purposes

parts of a gonimeter

stationary arm, moving arm, body, fulcrum

what dose goniometry measure

degree of joint angle movements of osteokinematics

active range of motion

when you move your joints with your own muscles

musculature

passive range of motion

when you go limp and someone else moves your joints (used to feel end feeling) usually higher

2 main body cavities

dorsal and ventral

what cavities are in your dorsal cavity

cranial(brain) and vertebral(spine)

what cavities are in your ventral cavity

thoracic(superior mediastinum, pleural, pericardial cavities)(heart and lungs)

abdomina(digestive)

pelvic(reproductive and bladder)

Thoracic; Abdominopelvic

right and left regions from 9 regions of the stomach (top to bottom)

hypochondriac, lumbar, iliac

middle regions from 9 regions of the stomach (top to bottom)

epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric

osteokinematics

bone motion where relative motion is determined by the excursion of one shaft of bone on another or to the ground

arthokinemastics

joint motion that describes the movement of joint surfaces and is necessary for joint motion

types of arthokinemastics movments

slides/glides: translation motion

spines/rolls: rotary motion

motions are based on concave/convex rules

frontal axis

anterior or posterior axis

transverse axis

longitudinal or vertical axis

sagittal axis

medial or lateral axis

functional tasks

multi joint and multi planer tasks like throwing a ball

Shoulder flexion ROM

180 degrees

shoulder abduction ROM

180 degrees

elbow flexion ROM

145 degrees

knee flexion ROM

135 degrees

end feel

how the joint feels at the end of its bend. can be altered/limited by…

soft tissue approximation is normal

firm-normal: ligamentous

hard-normal: bony 

empty is abnormal=pain

times when you should not test ROM

dislocation, fracture, after surgery, osteoporosis

where should you put the parts of the goniometer

stationary arm: parallel to the longitudinal axis of the proximal segment

moving arm: parallel to the longitudinal axis of the distal segment

body/fulcrum: on the bony part of the joint that t mov’t move

intra-rater reliability

determine how well the same person can take a measurement time and time again

assessed a correlation

Calculate the measurement error or variability

generally reported as a positive or negative around the mean

inter-rater reliability 

determines whether a measure varies between individuals 

different training

different experience

different technique

anatomy

the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

structure

physiology

how the body parts function to preform life sustaining activities also know as physiologic processes

function

integumentary system

skin to protect and maintain body temp

skeletal system

bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments to support the body and produce blood cells; has a lot of minerals 

muscular system

muscles for movement and heat production

nervous system

nerves to control the muscular system and memory. controls and integrates all body activities that maintain life

endocrine system

hormonal secretion for chemical regulation

cardiovascular system

heart, blood, arteries, veins

lymphatic system

take up water and disease contorl

respiratory system

gas exchange and detoxification

digestive system

breakdown and absorption of food into blood

urinary system

water and waste balance that is dependent on other systems

reproductive system

production of future organisms and other systems is very dependent on it

bones

support movement, protect the body, and store hematopoiesis(process of forming blood cells)

cartilage

covers ends of bones for smooth joint movement, shock absorption (in the ear and septum, and joints)

2 divisions of the skeletal system and number of bones in body

axial

appendicular

206

upper appendicular bones

humerus, radius, ulna, scapula, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

lower appendicular bones

pelvic girdle, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, calcaneus, metatarsals, phalanges

joint

articulation between 2 bones

type of joints

hinge(elbow), pivot(neck), saddle(finger), plane(gliding in ankle), Condyloid(wrist), and ball and socket(shoulder/hip)

types of muscles 

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac 

skeletal muscles

attaches bone to skin and fascia (voluntary movement)

smooth muscules

in walls of hollow viscera, elongated, non striated, for slow and sustained involuntary moment

cardiac muscles

heart, striated, involuntary, don’t get tired

upper muscles 

trapezius, pectoralis major, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, latissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis, external/internal obliques, flexors and extenders

lower muscles

quadriceps, hamsrings, tibials anterior, gastrocenemuis, soleus, gluteus muscles, plantar flexor, dorsiflexors

orgin

where muscle begins

dose not move

fixed attachment when it connects to bone or other structure

insertion

where the muscle ends and attaches to another bone/structure

moves

attachment site for a muscle that moves

action

performance or movments ;ike abd/add duction and pronation and supination and rotations ect.

isotoinc

muscle contracts and changes length

concentric

eccentric

eccentric 

lengthening of muscle can withstand more because of lowering with weight+gravity

concentric

shortening muscle

isometric

muscle contracts and stays the same length good for rehab and measuring

Nervous system funtions

sensory input: kinetic awareness and proprioception 

integration: between sensory and motor

motor output: moving muscles

divisions of nervous system

CNS and PNS(perperiphera)

PNS divisons

autonomic: involuntary

somatic: voluntary

autonomic divisons

sympathetic: everyday

parasympathetic: stressed

efferent vs affernt nerves

PNS

efferent: exiting spine motor control

afferent: accessing spine sensory info

Innervate muscles

cause contractions

motor units

has nerves to provide the impulses that stimulate muscle fibers to contract or relax

neuron parts

cell body

dendrites

axon

(myelin sheath, nodes)

main steps of neuromuscular junction 

1. signal from the spinal cord with efferent nerves

2. goes though the motor nerve to the muscle fibers 

cellular level of the neuromuscular junction

1. ACh is released from axon terminal of a motor neuron

2. binds to a receptor in motor end plate

3. binding starts end plate potential

4. end plate potential trigger action potential

5. action potential moves along the sarcolemma and down T-tubules

6. Ca2+ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum

7. Ca2+ binds to troponin exposing myosin-binding sites

8. crossbridge cycle begins(muscle fibers contract)

9. Ca2+ is actively transported back to lumen of sarcoplasmic reticulum

10. tropomyosin blacks myosin-binding sights(muscles fibers relaxes)

what is ACh for

muscle contractions and motor funtion

sports medicine

A branch of medicine that incorporates all aspects of sports participation

types of sports medicine jobs

primary care physicians

orthopedic surgeons

athletic trainers

physical therapist

dentist

exercise physiologist

conditioning coaches

registered dietitians

who is part of the comprehensive team approach

BOC (board of certification for athletic trainers)

team physician

EMS personnel

coaches

school nurse, educational specialist, dentists, counselors, etc.

The Allied Health Care Team is a comprehensive team including

coaches

team physicians

certified athletic trainers

team physician duties

coordinate PPE(pre prepration exam)

on and off the field injury management

provide for medical management of injury and illness

coordinate rehabilitation and RTP(return to play) decisions

BOC

board that administers certification exams for athletic trainers

injury definion

hard to get the exact one

act that damages or hurts

time loss

NCAA definition of injury

1. Occurs as a result of participation in organized intercollegiate practice or game

2. Requires medical attention by a team athletic trainer or physician

3. Results in restriction of the athlete’s participation for one or more days after the injury

catastrophic injury

permeant and debilitating, long term effects, life long medical care

non-catastrophic injury

temporary disruption with recovery and shorter treatment

time frame

acute or chronic