Chapter 2

Psychobiology

PNS subdivisions

somatic/autonomic - sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric

somatic

sensory and voluntary motor movements messenger

autonomic

manage internal function without conscious

sympathetic

accelerator, fight or flight response

parasympathetic

parachute, rest and digest activities

enteric nervous system

governs digestion, manages gut movement, communicates with CNS

afferent

sensory information, enter CNS

efferent

motor information, exit CNS

dorsal

top

medial

structures toward midline

lateral

structures located towards sides

ventral

bottom

anterior

front

posterior

backwards

coronial

cut through top to bottom, short ways

horizontal

knife is parallel

saggital

cut front to back, long ways

layers of skull

skull, dura matter, arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid space, pia mater, brain

subarachnoid space

holds CSF, facilitate CSF movement

cerebral cortex

largest part of cerebrum

gray matter

outermost layer of cerebrum, no myelinated axons

white matter

inner layer of cerebrum, axons are myelinated

cerebrum

contains two hemishperes, cortex, and lobes

frontal lobe

executive functions

parietal lobe

process and integrate sensory information

temporal lobe

auditory, taste, smell memory

occipital lobe

visual

gyrus

mountain/ridge

sulcus

valley/groove

fissure

deeper groove

lateral ventrical

cavities that hold CSF

lateral sulcus

what divides L and R hemisphere

CSF

suspends brain, helps optimal function, shock absorb

tract

nerve fibers in CNS

nerve

bundle of fibers in PNS

nerve fibers

axons bundled together, look like a cable wire

spinal reflexes

governed by spinal cord, controls most body movement, can act independently from brain

brainstem basics

where spinal cord enters skull, recieves afferent and send efferent, made up of hindbrain, midbrain, and dicencephalon

hindbrain overall function

essential for life function

hindbrain structures

cerebellum, reticular formation, pons, and medulla

cerebellum

balance and coordiantion

reticular formation

alert, filter, sensory information

pons

oval shape, sleep and arousal, bridge inbetween midbrain and medulla

midbrain aka

mesencephalon

midbrain overall function

connects hindbrain to forebrain, motor movement and visual/auditory processing

midbrain structures

tectum and tegmentum

tectum function

audio and visual

tectum subdivisions

superior and inferior colliculus

superior colliculus function

visual

inferior colliculus function

audio

tegmentum overall function

motor behavior

tegmentum subdivisions

red nucleus, periqueductal gray, cerebral peduncles

red nucleus

motor coordination

periqueductal gray

pain suppression and fight or flight nature

cerebral peduncles

pillars, connects forebrain and hindbrain, transmits motor and sensory info between cerebrum and pons

dicencephalon

central region of brain, center, between cerebral hemispheres

dicencephalon structures

hypothalamus and thalamus

hypothalamus

the 4Fs (fight, feed, flee, fuck); temperature, hunger, thirst, circadian rhythm, pituitary gland

thalamus

directs traveling senses to designated cortex

forebrain structures

cerebral cortex, allocortex, basal ganglia

cerebral cortex

6 layered cortex, contains majority of brain volume

allocortex

3 and 4 layered cortex, found in hippocampus and olfactory cortex

basal ganglia subdivisions

caudate, putamen, globus pallidus

caudate

brain’s reward system, learning, and memory

putamen

movement and learning

striatum

caudate and putamen

globus pallidus

voluntary movement, sends excite or inhibit signals to thalamus

What is the D1 route

excite, fast route; signal-d1-striatum-globus pallidus internus and substantia nigra reticular-thalamus

what is the D2 route

inhibit, slow route; signal-d2-globus pallidus externus and sub nigra compact-subthalmic nucleus-thalamus

functional levels of nervous systems interact to produce________.

behavior

somatic nervous sytem is comprised of

cranial and spinal nerves

cranial nerves

come from brain, 12 pairs of receptors, communication channels for head and neck, mediate functions of vision, hearing, facial expression, and taste, proprioception, and bypasses the spinal cord

spinal nerves

the vertebrate groups of spinal cord (such as cervical/lumbar), emerges from spinal cord and branches to specific body areas

somatopographic map

shows the groups of vertebrae and their jurisdiction within the body

dermatomes

divide areas of skin for sensory input from spinal nerve

clinical relevance of dermatomes

understand and identify different conditions or nerve damage; symptoms can appear within specific dermatomes

posterior fibers

afferent signal transmission, sensory (back)

anterior fibers

efferent signal transmission, motor info (front)

law of bell and magendie

official designation of dorsal/posterior = sensory and ventral/anterior = motor

monosynaptic

one synapse; simple; direct sensory-motor communication. ex: knee jerk

polysynaptic

multiple synapses, interneurons. ex: touching something hot and moving away

12 nerve pairs control motor and sensory function of head, neck, and internal organs _________.

cranial nerves

body segment corresponding to segment of spinal cord _______.

dermatome

microbiome

microorganism living in gut, ENS interacts to influence absorption, CNS function, and behavior

Mice and Soy experiment Key takeaways

improves cognitive health, reduce gut inflammation, preventative measures