Psychopathology - Eating Disorders

What are the main types of feeding and eating disorders according to DSM-5?

Pica, Rumination Disorder, Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge Eating Disorder, Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorder, Unspecified Feeding or Eating Disorder.

What is Pica?

A disorder characterized by persistent eating of nonnutritive, nonfood substances over a period of at least 1 month.

What is Rumination Disorder?

A disorder involving the repeated regurgitation of food occurring after feeding or eating over a period of at least 1 month.

What defines Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder?

Avoidance or restriction of food intake leading to significant failure to meet nutritional requirements or insufficient energy intake.

What are the key features of Anorexia Nervosa?

Persistent restriction of energy intake leading to significantly low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, and disturbance in body image.

What are the two types of Anorexia Nervosa?

Restricting type and binge eating/purging type.

What is the prevalence of Anorexia Nervosa?

0.1-1.0% (average 0.4%).

What are common comorbid conditions with Anorexia Nervosa?

Depression (60%) and anxiety disorders (33%).

What is the mortality rate associated with Anorexia Nervosa?

5-10% of patients die per decade of illness.

What characterizes Bulimia Nervosa?

Recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain.

What is the prevalence of Bulimia Nervosa?

1-1.5%.

What are the psychological features of Bulimia Nervosa?

Low self-esteem, guilt, preoccupation with food, and recognition of abnormal behavior.

What defines Binge Eating Disorder?

Recurrent episodes of binge eating with a sense of lack of control, occurring at least once a week for 3 months.

What are the associated features of Anorexia Nervosa?

Disordered eating behaviors, food rituals, preoccupation with food, and physiological complications.

What is the prevalence of Binge Eating Disorder in females and males?

1.6% in females and 0.8% in males.

What is Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder?

Conditions that do not meet the full criteria for any specific feeding or eating disorder but cause significant distress or impairment.

What is Unspecified Feeding or Eating Disorder?

Behaviors causing clinically significant distress or impairment that do not meet the criteria for any specific disorder.

What is the estimated prevalence of eating disorders in Australia in 2022?

At least 4-5% of the population, affecting over 1 million Australians.

What is a common age of onset for Anorexia Nervosa?

Typically in the teens to early twenties.

What are some physiological complications associated with Anorexia Nervosa?

Medical complications of starvation and high mortality rates.

What are the psychological features associated with Anorexia Nervosa?

Perfectionism, feelings of ineffectiveness, inflexible thinking, and limited emotional expression.

What are the common comorbid disorders with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder?

Anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and neurodevelopmental disorders.

What is the significance of the DSM-5 in relation to eating disorders?

It provides a standardized classification and criteria for diagnosing various feeding and eating disorders.

What is the role of compensatory behaviors in Bulimia Nervosa?

They are actions taken to prevent weight gain after binge eating, such as vomiting or excessive exercise.

What is the impact of eating disorders on psychosocial functioning?

They can lead to marked interference with daily life and social interactions.

What is the relationship between dieting and the onset of Bulimia Nervosa?

Bulimia Nervosa frequently begins during or after an episode of dieting.

What are the common causes of death in patients with Anorexia Nervosa?

Suicide and medical complications of starvation.

What is the significance of the term 'subthreshold conditions' in eating disorders?

These are conditions that do not fully meet the criteria for a specific disorder but still present significant issues.

What percentage of individuals with eating disorders receive evidence-based treatment?

Only 6-35% receive evidence-based treatment.

How does funding for eating disorder research in Australia compare to other mental health conditions?

Funding for eating disorder research is significantly less per affected person than for autism, schizophrenia, or depressive illnesses.

What was the annual economic cost associated with eating disorders in Australia in 2012?

$69.7 billion, including $15.1 billion from lower employment participation and absenteeism.

What trend was observed in dieting and self-induced vomiting among Australian adult males from 1995 to 2005?

Strict dieting, fasting, self-induced vomiting, and binging among Australian adult males more than doubled.

What is the reported body dissatisfaction percentage among Australian adult males and females?

15% of males and 33% of females report moderate to marked body dissatisfaction.

What is the diagnostic instability rate in eating disorder patients?

50% go from anorexia nervosa (AN) to bulimia nervosa (BN) and 30% go from BN to AN.

What did Milos et al. (2005) find regarding eating disorder diagnoses over a 30-month period?

Less than one-third of cases retained the same eating disorder diagnosis.

What is the remission rate for anorexia nervosa compared to bulimia nervosa?

Approximately 50% for AN versus 75% for BN.

What are the remission rates for binge eating disorder (BED) compared to AN or BN?

Remission rates for BED range from 25% to 80%, considerably higher than AN or BN.

What are some prognostic indicators for anorexia nervosa?

Severity and duration of AN, and body and weight concern.

What are some risk factors for developing eating disorders?

Non-shared environment, shared environment, family characteristics, personality, cognitive style, and trauma.

What is the heritability percentage for bulimia nervosa?

Heritability for bulimia nervosa is approximately 58-83%.

What role do genetics play in eating disorders?

Genetics and environment interactions may trigger the illness in genetically vulnerable individuals.

What are some biological risk factors associated with eating disorders?

Chemical imbalances in the neuroendocrine system, serotonin and norepinephrine levels, and excessive cortisol levels.

What cognitive deficits are observed in individuals with eating disorders while acutely unwell?

Mild cognitive deficits in executive functioning, memory, and verbal and visuospatial processing.

What early environmental factors are linked to anorexia nervosa?

Obstetric complications, childhood feeding problems, perfectionism, and negative self-evaluation.

What cultural pressures contribute to eating disorders?

Cultural norms that glorify thinness and value physical appearance over inner qualities.

What is the transdiagnostic model of eating disorders?

It includes predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors that contribute to the development and maintenance of eating disorders.

What is orthorexia?

A pathological obsession with proper nutrition characterized by restrictive diets and avoidance of perceived unhealthy foods.

What was the prevalence of orthorexia nervosa among Turkish medical doctors using the ORTO-15 measure?

The prevalence was 45.5%.

What are the key components of transdiagnostic treatment for eating disorders?

Treatment is suitable for all forms of clinical eating disorders, focusing on specific psychopathological features rather than diagnosis.