PNB Lab Quiz - Lower Appendicular Skeleton and Muscles

What kind of cartilage is in the pubic symphysis?

fibrocartilage

How does the mobility of the pubic symphysis compare to others?

more flexible than joints in the skull but less flexible than elbow joints

Which type of joint is a hip joint?

ball-and-socket synovial joint

How does the mobility of the hip joint compare to others?

permits a wide range of motion

What are possible hip movements?

flexion/extension, add/abduction (circumduction), rotation

What is the tibia?

larger, weight-bearing bone located on the medial side of the leg (shin bone)

What is the fibula?

thin bone of the lateral leg

Which ligaments provide anterior/posterior stabilization of the knee joint?

ACL/PCL

What is the lower limb made up of?

femur, patella, tibia, and fibula

What is the femur?

single bone of the thigh

What is the patella?

the kneecap and articualtes with the distal femur

What does the pelvis consists of?

right and left hip bones (osssa coxae), sacrum, and coccyx 

What is the pubic symphysis?

right and left hip bones attach to each other

What is the acetabulum?

(socket for head of femur) at fusion point between three bones

What is the obturator foramen?

large opening in the anteroinferior hip bone between the ischium and pubis

What is the ilium?

fan-like, superior region that forms the largest part of the hip bone

What is the subpubic angle?

inverted V-shape formed as the ischiopubic rami from both sides come together at the pubic symphysis 

What is the head of the femur?

rounded, proximal end of the femur

What is the hip joint?

The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone 

What is the greater trochanter?

large, upward, bony projection located above the base of the neck

What is the neck of the femur?

narrowed region below the head, common area for fractures

What is the lesser trochanter?

a small, bony prominence that lies on the medial aspect of the femur, just below the neck 

What is the patellar surface?

smooth surfaces of the condyles join together to form a wide groove

What does the tibia not have?

epicondyles

What is the tibial tuberosity?

an elevated area on the anterior side of the tibia, near its proximal end 

What is the head of the fibula?

small, knob-like, proximal end of the fibula

What is the proximal tibiofibular joint?

head of the fibula articulates with the inferior aspect of the lateral tibial condyle

What is the lateral malleolus?

The distal end of the fibula forms the easily palpable bony bump on the lateral side of the ankle 

How many bone comprise the foot?

26

What is the calcaneus?

the heel bone, the largest bone in the foot

What is the talus?

ankle bone 

What is the anterior tibial muscle?

permits the foot to move upwards (dorsiflexion), required to lift the forefoot off the ground

What is the posterior tibial?

muscle that supports the arch 

What is the soleus?

plantar flexes the ankle (foot), stabilizes the leg when standing, flat deep muscle 

What is the menisci?

pads of fibrocartilage located on the condyles of the tibia, act as cushions between articular surfaces and partially stabilize the joint medially and laterally 

What are the four pairs of abdominal muscles that cover the anterior and lateral abdominal region?

external and internal obliques, transversus abdominis, and the rectus abdominis

What does the pelvic girdle consist of?

ilium, ischium, pubis

What is the medial malleolus?

the bony bump located on the inner side of the ankle 

What are metatarsals?

sole of the foot

What are phalanges?

toes

What is rectus abdomens?

flexes lumbar portion of vertebral column 

What is the external oblique (unilateral)?

lateral flexion of the vertebral column; rotation of vertebral column to opposite side

What is the external oblique (bilateral)?

flexes the vertebral column and compresses the abdominal wall

What is the internal oblique (unilateral)?

lateral flexion of the vertebral column; rotation of vertebral column to the same side 

What is the internal oblique (bilateral)?

flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal wall

What is the transverse abdominus (unilateral)?

lateral flexion of the vertebral column

What is the transverse abdominus (bilateral)?

flexes vertebral column and compresses 

What is the gluteus Maximus?

adducts, extension and lateral roation of hip (femur)

What is gluteus medius?

abducts and medially rotates hip (femur); stabilize pelvis

What is gluteus minimus?

abduction and medial rotation of hip 

What is psoas major (deep)?

flexes hip (femur)

What is the sartorius?

flexes, abducts and laterally rotates hip; flexes knee

What is the adductor longus and Magnus?

adduction of hip 

What is the gracilis?

adducts hip; flexes knee

What is the rectus femoris?

flexes hip (femur); extends knee

What is the vastus lateralis?

lateral aspect of the thigh; extends knee

What is the vastus medialis?

medial aspect of hte thigh; extends knee

What is the vastus intermedius?

between the vastus lateralis and medialis and deep to the rectus femurs; extends knee

What are the hamstring muscles?

biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus 

What is the function of semimembransosus and semitendinosus hamstrings?

extends hip (femur); flexes knee

What is the bicep femoris (long head)?

extends and laterally rotates hip (femur); flexes knee

What is the biceps femoris (short head)?

flexes knee 

What is the tibialis anterior?

dorsiflexion and inversion of the ankle (foot), long and thick muscle on the lateral surface of the tibia

What is the gastrocnemius?

plantar flexes ankle (foot); flexes knee, thick superficial muscle, consisting of two bellies, medial and lateral

What is unique to both the gastrocnemius and soleus?

attach to the Achilles’ tendon and are involved in plantar flexion of the foot 

What are the 4 ligaments of the knee?

tibial or medial collateral ligament, fibular or lateral collateral ligament, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) 

What is a bursa?

thin connective tissue sac filled wiht lubricating liquid

What is the primary extensor of the knee joint?

quadriceps

What are the quadricep muscles?

rectus femoris, vastus medialis, lateralis, and intermedius