Compana Lab LE2

Frontal (coronal) plane

separates the front and back of the body

Transverse (horizontal) plane

separates the upper and lower halves of the body

Midsagittal plane

divides the body equally into left and right

Parasagittal plane

divides the body into unequal left and right halves

Oblique plane

- any plane that is not perfectly sagittal, frontal, or transverse

- a combination of two or all three cardinal planes

Anterior/Ventral

At or near the front of the body

Posterior/Dorsal

At or near the back of the body

Superior/Cranial

Above, Toward the head

Inferior/Caudal

Below, Toward the tail/feet

Medial

Toward central line

Lateral

Away from the central line

Proximal

Closer to where a bone or body part is attached to the body

Distal

Farther away from where a bone or body part is attached to the body

Abduction

Movement away from the body

Adduction

Movement toward the body

Extension

Increasing the angle of a joint

Flexion

Decreasing the angle of a joint

Inversion

sole of your foot turns inward toward the midline of the body

Eversion

sole of your foot turns outward away from the body’s midline

Medial rotation

rotational movement towards the midline

Lateral rotation

rotating movement away from the midline

Elevation

movement in a superior direction (upwards)

Depression

movement in an inferior direction (downwards)

Protraction

a movement that results in a portion of the body being moved forward

Retraction

a movement that results in the protracted portion of the body back to its original position

Supination

Rotation of the forearm outwards, causing the palm to face upwards

Pronation

Rotation of the forearm inwards, causing the palm to face downwards

Skeletal System

▪ body's central framework

Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, Tendons

What is included/components of the skeletal system?

20%

How many percent of the human’s body weight does the skeletal system accountable for?

300

How many bones does a human baby have at birth?

206

How many bones does a human adult have?

Long Bones, Short Bones, Flat Bones, Sesamoid Bones, Irregular Bones

What are the 5 classification of Bones?

True

True or False:

A bone is a living tissue.

False

True or False:

Bones cannot regenerate.

Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?

Axial Skeleton

to provide support and protection for the brain , and the organs in the ventral body cavity , the spinal cord

skull, ossicles of the middle ear, hyoid bone of the throat, vertebral column, and the thoracic cage (ribcage)

Components of the Axial Skeleton

Skull, Vertebral Column, Rib Cage

What are the 3 Main Bone Groups of the Axial Skeleton?

Skull

▪ bone protective cavity for the brain

▪ consists of 22 bones

sutures

joins the junctions of the skull bones

Cranial bones (8), Facial bones (14), and auditory ossicles (6)

What are the 3 Categories of Skull Bones? Include how many bones per category.

Sphenoid (1), Temporal (2), Ethmoid (1), Parietal (2), Occipital (1), Frontal Bone (1).

What are the 6 categories of cranial bones? Include the number of bones per category.

Fontanelle

spots on an infant's head where the bony plates that make up the skull have not yet come together

Maxilla (2), Mandible (1), Inferior Nasal Concha (2), Nasal (2), Vomer (1), Lacrimal (2), Zygomatic (2), Palatine (2)

What are the 8 cateogries of Facial Bones? Include the number of bones per category.

Auditory Ossicles

the three tiny bones in the middle ear, the smallest bones in the human body

Foramen magnum

▪ large opening at the base of the skull

▪ located in the occipital bone, which is at the back and base of the skull

▪ passageway for the spinal cord to connect to the brain

Malleus (2), Incus (2), Stapes (2)

What are the three categories of the Auditory Ossicles? Include the number of bones.

Vertebral column

▪ surrounds and protects the spinal cord

▪ supports the head

Strength and Flexibility

What is the benefit of having an arched curvature for the vertebral column?

Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7), Thoracic Vertebrae (Th1-Th12), Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5), Sacrum, Coccyx

What are the parts of the vertebral column? Include the number of bones.

Neck

Where are the cervical vertebrae located?

Upper and mid-back

Where are the thoracic vertebrae located?

Lower back

Where are the Lumbar Vertebrae located?

Small and light

Describe the size of the cervical vertebrae.

Medium

Describe the size of the thoracic vertebrae.

Large and heavy

Describe the size of the lumbar vertebrae.

Small body, larger foramen

Describe the shape of the cervical vertebrae

Larger body, smaller foramen

Describe the shape of the thoracic vertebrae.

Largest body, small foramen

Describe the shape of the lumbar vertebrae.

Short and bifid (split)

Describe the spinous process of the cervical vertebrae.

Longer and pointed

Describe the spinous process of the thoracic vertebrae.

Thick and broad

Describe the spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae.

Supports the head, allows neck movement

What is the function of the cervical vertebrae?

Protects the heart and lungs, supports the ribs

What is the function of the thoracic vertebrae?

Supports body weight, allows bending

What is the function of the lumbar vertebrae?

Atlas Vertebrae

First cervical vertebrae, allows the yes motion of the head.

Axis Vertebrae

Second cervical vertebrae, allows the no motion of the head.

Scoliosis

an abnormal lateral (side-to-side) curvature of the spine.

Kyphosis

exaggerated forward curvature of the spine, leading to a hunched or rounded back.

Ribcage

encloses and protects the organs of the thoracic cavity, including the heart and lungs

12 pairs of ribs with costal cartilages, sternum

What are the parts of the rib cage?

True ribs, false ribs, floating ribs

What are the three types of rib cages?

True ribs

▪ first seven bones

▪ connected directly to the sternum

False ribs

▪ next five pairs of bones

▪ attached to the lowest true rib (7th bone) by cartilage

Floating ribs

▪ not connected to anything in the front

▪ smaller than both the true ribs and the false ribs

Appendicular skeleton

▪ comprised of the upper and lower extremities, which include the shoulder girdle and pelvis

▪ consisting of the bones that support the appendages

▪ there are 126 bones

Scapula

What is the name of 1?

Pectoral girdle, Upper Limb, Pelvic Girdle, Lower Limb

What are the 4 Main Bone Groups of the Appendicular Skeleton?

Pectoral girdle

▪ provide the points of attachment of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

▪ consists of the clavicle (or collarbone) in the anterior, and the scapula (or shoulder blades) in the posterior

Upper limb

▪ humerus of the upper arm

▪ radius and ulna of the forearm

▪ eight bones of the carpus

▪ five bones of the metacarpus

▪ 14 bones of the phalanges

Pelvic Girdle

▪ attaches to the lower limbs of the axial skeleton

▪ bears the weight of the body

Ischium, Ilium, Pubis

What are the 3 hip bones?

Lower limb

▪ consists of the thigh, the leg, and the foot

▪ thicker and stronger than the bones of the upper limbs

Clavicle

What is the name of 2?

Spine of Scapule

What do you call 3?

Scapula

What do you call 4?

Humerus

What is A?

Ulna

What is B?

Radius

What is C?

Carpals

What is D?

Metacarpals

What is E?

Phalanges

What is F?

Ilium

What is 1?

Pubis

What is 2?

Ischium

What is 3?

Pubic Arch

What is 4?

Femur

What is A?

Patella

What is B?

Tibia

What is C?