global studies midterm

time-space compression

-David Harvey
Technological advances make the distance seem smaller; increasing interdependence of places far apart
-ie phones

neoliberalism

-
-free markets and trade, the idea of small government/ small gov intervention & individualism, very unrestricted
-associated with 'G' lobalization
-ie lowering trade barriers

'g' lobalization

-Matt Sparke
-a process; integration and interdependence of social, economic, and political ideas
- it is unequal and uneven
-ie multinational companies exploiting cost of labor across different countries creating inequality
-is heavily influenced by narrative of 'G'lobalization

'G' lobalization

-Matt Sparke
- "buzzword" and a discourse intended to describe and produce a form of global interdependence
-associated with free market policies like neoliberalism and Washington consensus

Politics of Positioning

-what is at stake in how we are positioned in relation to others on account of different factors
ie gender, race, citizenship
-how and why this positioning matters in our lives

"The world is flat"

-Thomas Friedman: what he saw in India
-globalization levels the playing the field of opportunity essentially creating a 'flat earth'

Washington consensus

-Sparke
-list of ten economic policies associated w/ 'G'lobalization
-made up of 3 institutions: free trade, little gov intervention, and cutting gov spending in other countries
-also comprised of world bank, International Monetary Fund, and department of treasury
-some of ten policies include: reducing taxes, export led development, and de-unionizing

Colonialism

-form of imperialism and is formal control over one territory and its people by another; people actually moving in and taking over ; practice of setting up colonies
-often involving ideologies of superiority and a distinct difference between colonizer and colonized
-ie India, Africa

Imperialism

-form of the extension of state power across space
-domination of one geographical area by another
-the idea behind the practice of colonialism

settler colonialism

-permanent occupation; violent land expropriation
-displacement/ death of indigenous people
- ie large settler populations in America

decolonization

-process through which imperial states relinquish control of subjugated ppl/area & this leads to an increasing number of nation states
-1945 (end ww2)- 75 nation states, 51 in UN
-1975: 150 nation states ___ in UN
-today: 195 nation states w/193 being in UN and 2 observer states

North Atlantic slave trade

-europe bringing slaves to America to work on tobacco, cotton, and sugar
-> raw goods shipped back to Europe to be made into textiles -> textiles sold back to colonies and to Africa to trade for more slaves
-heart of the world economy at the time
-during 1st age of empire

1st age of empire

-
-1450 - 1750
-colonial exploration mostly in americas (settler colonies)
-extensive administration- Spain and Portugal acting as helicopter parents -"great dying"- massive deaths of indigenous people
-transatlantic slave trade
-settler colonialism

informal empire

-1750 - 1875
-South American countries declaring independence
-age of intensified imperialism concentrated in Asia and Africa
-enclave/trading colonies were common forms
-opium wars: British empire flooding Qing empire with opium in their ports to gain access to trade and tea- led to 100 years of national humiliation

2nd age of empire

-1875 - 1914 (or 1945)
-classic/high age of empire
-formal colonization of Africa and Asia (scramble for Africa)
-conference of Berlin 1884
-direct and indirect rule

scramble for africa

-1884 conference of Berlin
-africa literally cut up between France, Germany, Britain, Italy, Portugal, Spain and king Leopold 2 of Belgium with no respect to previous villages, borders, or ethnic groups
-created 30 new African colonies and divided 110 million africans into new political units

Haiti's double debt

-20 years after Haiti's independence France made Haiti pay $150 million over 5 years or be attacked
-haiti couldn't afford this, so they had to take out loans with interest from France creating double debt
-caused between $21 - 115 million loss of Econ growth over time

discourse

- hall w/ west and rest but Foucault is on slide
-historically and geographically specific system of knowledge that structures how we think about and act upon the world
-ways of talking, thinking, or representing a particular subject/topic

discursive practice

-Hall
-practice is not just a set of ideas, but how the ideas from discourse are used/practiced in the world
-the way that discourse influences the way we act on the world

orientalism

-Edward Said
-west vs islam
-orient as the "other "
-imitation/depiction of Middle East through western perspective, perception of the other being inferior, but still wanting/needing their resources

Foucault

-philosopher
-he shaped how we think about discourse

Hierarchical dualism

-Hall
-boundaries between categories have a hierarchy, there are dualisms with an implied power structure
-ie the west is deemed superior to the rest

west and the rest

-Stuart Hall
-the idea that there are western countries that are superior, dynamic, modern, advanced
-and then there is the rest which is traditional, undeveloped, uncivilized

noble savage myth

-Hall
-conception of man enjoying natural and noble existence until civilization makes him a slave to unnatural wants and corrupts him

"free" market doctrine

-Chang
-believed that markets create most econ activity when they are free and should be free of gov intervention
-chang's response is that markets are propped up by rules, and to not mistake our blindness of rules as a lack of them
-"do as I say, not as I did"

trade protectionism

-Chang
-focus around tariffs
-protecting infant industries

trade liberalization

-Chang
-elimination of tariffs on imported goods and eliminations of subsidies for national producers

international institution

-institutions are rules, decision making procedures and programs that shape social practices
-they vary but can be spoken and unspoken/ rules on paper and rules in use
-they are dynamic not static
ie United Nations / bretton woods institutions

Bretton woods institutions

-institutions we can see and feel the affect of
-International Bank for reconstruction and development: provided loans for post war reconstruction of europe -> becomes world bank
-International Monetary Fund: goal is to keep money moving around, does not provide loans or fund projects
-general agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT) -> becomes WTO: controls what tariffs can be put on goods

multilateralism

-alliance of multiple states pursing a common goal
-distinguished from bilateral or unilateral

US hegemony

-dominance of one social group or nation over others, not "hard" power, but convincing the subordinate group that its rule serves their interests
-US pushing their ideas of security and economics on other countries, like national security strategies, another example are Bretton woods institutions

Cold War

-period of global tension around US and Russia, lead to greatly diminished hope for new era of cooperations

WTO

controls what tariff can be put on goods and places
-originally GATT - general agreement on tariffs and trade
-part of Bretton woods institutions

Doha Round (WTO)

-started 2001, has been going for about 20 years when typically rounds are 5 = failure for WTO
-BRICS countries gaining lot of econ momentum and are asking for more power
-specifically around agricultural subsidies, and BRICS turned it around to say US should be getting rid of some of their subsidies
-Hopewell's argument is that brics aren't against free trade, they are against the US's distribution of power

state sovereignty

-conceived in 1648 by treaty of Westphalia
-in theory the principle that each state has exclusive authority over its territory
-supremacy over domestic affairs
-independent and equality in foreign affairs

human rights

envisioned and conceptualized in universal declaration of human rights as rights that belong to every person on earth
-focus is on people and getting gov to respect these rights including right to shelter, eat, have identity

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

-1948 headed by Eleanor Roosevelt
-aspirational non binding document outlining basic rights of all people on earth
-was never ratified bc all countries would not ratify it, so holds no legal weight

BRICS

- Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
-countries considered to have increasing Econ/political clout in world and are considered to be middle income countries / starting to see shift from agriculture to manufacturing

global north/global south

-Mohanty
-is a discourse- comes with different ideologies and ways of thinking
-inequality between the two, global north full of western ideation and highly developed areas where global south is full of exploitation and aren't as developed

commodity

any good or service that is produced by human labor and is offered for sale on the market

commodity chain

network of labor and production processes whose end result is a finished commodity

outsourcing

shifting operation from a branch plant to an independent contractor SOMEWHERE (could be home country or abroad) bc of cost, quality, and reliability- contracting out parts of the production process

offshoring

-if a company outsources abroad
-relocating a business function to another country, geographic movement of production to another country

special economic zone

-aimed to increase foreign investment, trade, and job creations
-bounded subnational spaces ; designated land from a country with different laws and regulations that allow them to set their own labor laws
-primarily for export oriented industries and are physically fenced off
-these can be seen in china