scientific revolution, Conquest in the Americas,

The Polish Scholar Nicolaus Copernicus

proposed a heliocentric ,or sun - centered model of the Universe

the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe

set up an astronomical observatory

The German astronomer and mathematicians Johannes Kepler

Used Brahe's data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun. Kepler's calculations supported Copernicus heliocentric view. Kepler's calculations proved that each planet doesn't move in a perfect circle , but in an oval-shaped orbit called an ellipse.

The Italian Scientist Galileo Galilei

supported Copernicus's

heliocentric theory of the universe and the Church condemned him. because of his ideas that contradicted the Christian teaching.

Isaac Newton

all motion in the universe can be measured and described mathematically. By using mathematics , Newton showed that a single force keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun.He called his force gravity.

Andreas Vesalius

published On the Structure of the human body , the first accurate and detailed study of human anatomy.

The Greek Philosopher Plato

taught that man should look beyond simple appearances to learn nature's truth and mathematics was the way to learn this these truth.

The Englishman Francis Bacon and the Frenchman Rene Descartes,

Each devoted himself to understanding how truth is determined. Both Bacon and Descartes  rejected Aristotle ‘s scientific assumptions. Bacon & Descartes argued that truth is not known at the beginning of inquiry but at the end , after a long process of investigation.

Galen

had made many errors , in part because he had limited knowledge of human anatomy

The French physician Ambroise Pare

developed new effective ointment for preventing infections.

William Harvey

an English scholar , described the circulation of blood .

In 1600s , English chemist Robert Boyle

refined the alchemist View of chemicals as basic building blocks.

Ptolemy and Aristotle.

Until the mid -1500s , European's view of the universe -that the. Earth is the center of the universe - was shaped by the theories of the ancients writers

A young Indian woman called Malinche

served as translator and advisor of Hernan Cortes

Moctezuma

was the emperor of the Aztecs people when Hernan Cortes arrived.

Francisco Pizarro

arrived in Peru in 1532.

Columbus

arrived in the West Indies , he encountered the Taino people.

Middle Passage

Enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas. was the forced sea voyage that enslaved Africans took from Africa to the Americasas part of the transatlantic slave trade.

Olaudah Equiano

He was enslaved African that formed part of an international trade network that arose during 1500s . Equiano is remembered today as a key figure in the fight to end slavery and as a voice for African people in history.

Triangular Trade

The Triangular Trade was a three-part trading system between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.