mutation 10/12, Gene transfer 10/14, bio technology 10/17

What is mutation?

Change that takes place on a stable gene

What is a point mutation

A change that takes place on a point, a base or base pair

UAA is what type of codon?

Stop codon

What are the three type of point mutation?

Nonsense, missense, and silent mutation

point mutation is also know as:

Substitution mutation

What is nonsense mutation?

Normal codon to stop codon

What is an example of a nonsense mutation?

Substituting two A’s on UUU to make the stop codon UAA

What is missense mutation?

When you end up with a different type of amino acid

What is a silent mutation?

When there is no change in amino acid synthesized after mutation (producing the same amino acid)

What is an example of a missense?

Substituting a in place of a u making UUU(penal alanine) to become UUA(leucine)

What is an example of silent mutation?

Substituting c in place of U making UUU be UUC which is also penal alanine

Mutations can be both

Positive and negative

What is frame shift mutation

When you have shifted the fame by way of adding or deleting a base or base pair

When there is no mutation it is called the?

Reading frame

Addition mutation is also called:

Insertion mutations

What is addition mutation?

Adding one base or base pair to the frame

What is deletion mutation

Removing one base or base pair from frame

What are the 3 modes of gene transfer?

Conjugation, transformation, and transduction.

What is conjugation gene transfer?

Transfer of genetic material through a sex pili, there is direct contact

What is transformation gene transfer?

Assimilation of genetic material from degenerated microbes/cell

What are the 2 types of transformation

Vertical and horizontal transformation

Conjugation is the only gene transfer that has?

Direct contact the other do not.

What is vertical transformation?

When parental cell passes on genetic material to its daughter cells( genetic material is assimilated by daughter cells)

What is horizontal transformation?

The assimilation of genetic material between offspring, and between them there is the transfer of genetic material in form of plasmid

What is transduction gene transfer?

Transfer of genetic material is through bacteriophage

What is a phage?

Virus that infect bacteria

What is transposon?

Transposable segments of bacterial gene that has capacity to move from one location to another

What are the two main type of transposon?

Direct repeat transposon and inverted repeat

what is the direct repeat transposon (DR)?

Takes place on one strand of chromosome, where that strand of chromosome is relocated to another point

What is inverted repeat (IR)

Takes place on 2 strands of chromosome, where that strand of chromosomes is in the reverse direction on second strand

What is biotechnology?

Whenever you use microbes for product for human use

Genetic engineering

manipulation of genes

Recombinant DNA technology

Recombining gene of microbes and using it to make products

What is Restriction Endonuclease?

• Cut gene at the same point

• Produce fragments of gene that are of different lengths

• Produced palindrome

What is a palindrome?

Something that can be read in both directions give the same word

Does EcoR1 have sticky or blunt ends

Sticky ends

What is the palindrome of EcoR1 ?

AATTC

Hind 3 stands for

Hemophilus influenzae class 2

EcoR1 stands for

Escherichia coil strain class 1

Hind 3 palindrome is

AGCTT

Hae 3

Hemophilus class 3

Hae 3 palindrome

GG or CC

Does Hind 3 have sticky ends of blunt ends

Sticky ends

Does Hae 3 have sticky ends or blunt ends?

Blunt ends

Sticky ends result from

Staggered cuts

What are the 4 fundamental methods in biotechnology?

Gel electrophoresis, southern blot, Gel probe, and Polymerase chain reaction

What is gel electrophoresis?

Laboratory method used to separate mixture of DNARNA proteins. Separate DNA fragments based on their size , shape and charge. Use electrical field to move. The negatively charge DNA through an agarose gel matrix towards positively electrode.

What is southern blot?

Method used to detect specific sequences on DNA sample

What is gel probe?

Use DNA sample to probe a sequence yes DNA or RNA fragments to search for particular genes in sample

What is polymerase chain reaction?

Used for amplification of single copy to produce segments. labatory technique for rapidly producing millions of copies of specific segments of dna