Memory: Studies

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12 Terms

1
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Loftus and Zanni
100 students shown a short film of a car accident and asked a leading question about a broken headlight. 17% of those asked the leading question remembered the headlight compared to 7% of the control group.
2
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Loftus and Palmer
45 Students were shown a 30 second video of a car travelling down a road, coming to junction and crashing into another car. Participants were then asked a leading question, 'About how fast were the cars going when they ****** each other'
Contacted was 32mph
Bumped was 38mph
Smashed was 41mph
3
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Gabbert
Each member of a pair watched a different variant of a video of a girl returning a book, in each video there was features only one participant could see. Post-discussion 71% of witnesses mistakenly recalled an item only the other participant saw.
4
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Loftus
150 students watched a film of events leading to a car accident. They were then asked 'how fast was the white sports car going when it passed the barn while travelling along the country road?'
A week later when asked about the barn 17.3% of those asked the leading question remembered it compared to 2.7% of the control group.
5
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Johnson and Scott
Two groups of participants in a 'waiting room' control group witnessing a normal discussion and a man with a pen and the other group overheard a heated argument then saw a man with a knife covered in blood exit.
Control group IDed man 49% of the time.
Bloody Knife was IDed 33% of the time.
6
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Yuille and Cutshall
13 real life witnesses to an armed robbery interviewed 5 months after the event.
Witnesses closest recalled more detail and all testimony's were accurate.
7
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
Optimal level of stress for witness recall. (Not too high, but not too low)
8
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Geiselman et al
89 Students viewed a violent crime video. They were interviewed 48 hours later using either Standard interview, Cognitive interview or Hypnosis.
The average number of recalled facts was 41 for CI, 38 for Hypnosis and 29 for SI.
9
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Geiselman
The development of the Cognitive Interview technique which has been broken down into 4 areas. Report Everything, Recreate Context, Changing the Order and Changing the perspective.
10
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Fisher et al
Real witnesses to crimes had either CI used by one of 7 experienced detectives or SI by 9 untrained detectives.
The trained detectives elicited 47% more information than they used to and 63% more than untrained detectives.
11
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Kebbell and Wagstaff
Police officers preferred SI because its less time consuming and because of this they do not always fully follow CI. They prefer minimum information necessary over lots of detail.
12
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Memon et al
Metanalysis of 57 articles comprising of 65 experiments over 25 years on the topic of cognitive interview.
64% of studies included Young Adults, 28% included Children, 8% included the Elderly, 6% included people with Learning Disabilities.
The studies were 32% Cognitive interview, 23% Enhanced Cognitive Interview, 45% Modified Cognitive Interview.
CI was more accurate then non-CI. Companion techniques produced more inaccurate information. CI vs non-CI didn't change confabulations. MCI produced significantly more confabulations.