quantitive chemistry (moles ect) formulas and definitions

What is the formula to calculate moles

Moles = mass (g) ÷ Mr

What does Mr mean?

Relative atomic mass

How do you calculate Mr?

Add the relative atomic masses of all atoms in the formula

What is Avogadro’s constant?

6.02 × 10²³ particles per mole

What does conservation of mass mean?

Mass is not created or destroyed; mass of reactants = mass of products

What is a limiting reactant?

The reactant that is used up first and limits the amount of product formed

How do you identify the limiting reactant?

The reactant that produces the least amount of product

What volume does 1 mole of gas occupy at RTP

24 dm³

What is the formula for gas volume at RTP?

volume (dm³) = moles × 24

What does RTP stand for?

Room temperature and pressure

What are the conditions of RTP?

20°C and 1 atmosphere (100 kPa)

What is concentration?

Amount of solute dissolved per unit volume of solution

Formula for concentration in g/dm³?

concentration = mass (g) ÷ volume (dm³)

Formula for concentration in mol/dm³?

concentration = moles ÷ volume (dm³)

How do you convert mol/dm³ to g/dm³?

Multiply by Mr

What is atom economy?

A measure of how much reactant ends up in the desired product

Formula for atom economy

atom economy (%) = (Mr of desired product ÷ Mr of all products) × 100

Why is high atom economy important?

Less waste and better for the environment

What is the atom economy if there is only one product?

100%

What is percentage yield?

A measure of how much product is actually made compared to the maximum possible

Formula for percentage yield?

percentage yield (%) = (actual yield ÷ theoretical yield) × 100

Why is percentage yield usually less than 100%?

Product loss, reversible reactions, or side reactions

What is theoretical yield?

The maximum amount of product predicted by the balanced equation

What is actual yield?

The amount of product actually obtained