APHUG Unit 5 Vocab Terms

Agriculture

Practice of raising domesticated animals and growing plants for food

Climate region

different regions that have distinct climates and classified into regions like tropical, arid, temperate, continental, and polar. Based on latitudes and elevation

Domestication

process which wild animals and plants are tamed and bred for human use like food or companion ship.

Humans domesticated dogs to help with hunting and protection.

1st Ag Rev

Neolithic Rev, marks transition from hunting and gathering lifestyle to planting and sustaining (settled agriculture)

The Ag Rev. was when people started farming instead of hunting for food.

2nd Ag Rev

concided w/ Industurial Revolution in 19th century, created better farming techniques and tools, subsistence→ commercial

This introduced new machines and techniques, making food production faster.

Fertile Crescent

historical region in Middle East known for its fertile land, crescent shaped

One of the 1st places where people started farming crops like wheat.

Columbian Exchange

transfer of plant, animal, disease, and tech between Old World(England) to New World(USA)

It introduced new foods like potatoes in Europe.

Silk Road

trade route that connected China to Europe, faciliated exchange of goods like silk

The Silk Road helped spread silk, spices, and ideas in Eurasia.

Subsistence Farming

in developing countries, production of food for consumer of farmer and family. Less land, no machinery, more labor.

In rural areas, farmers produce just enough food to survive for the families.

Commercial Farming

in developed countries, production of food primarily for sale on market. $$$, large farms, machinery, less labor

In US commericial farmibg is common, where large farms grow food to sell internationally.

irrigation

artificial application of water to land to assist growth of crops

Farmers in Cali used irrigation systems to water their crops during dry season.

Terracing

ag practice that involves creating stepped levels on hilly or mountainous terrain to cultivate crops

Farmers in Andes MT terrace the land to grow crops on step hils with out erosion.

Undernourishment

dietery energy consumption continuosly below minimum requirement for maintaining healthy life and carry activity

In sub saharan Africa, undernourishment is an issue due to droughts, poverty, and food insecurity.

What is the process of Intense Agriculture?

Intensive farming, often characterized by high inputs of labor and capital, aims to maximize yield from a given area of land. This method is common in heavily populated regions.

Rice farmers plant crops close together and use lots of water and labor to produce high yields

Extensive Farming

ag practice of low input of labor and utilizes large areas of land

Farmers raise cows on large open land w little work and equipment

Pastoral Nomadism

subsistence ag. where people rely on herding of livestock for their livelihood

In Mongolia, they move their herds across grasslands to find fresh grazing areas.

Transhumance

the seasonal movement of people and their livestock between fixed summer and winter patures

In alps, they move sheep to high alpine meadows in summer, then valley in winter.

Shifting Cultivation

practice of farming by clearing land fro farming by slashing vegetation and burn debris

In Amazon Rainforest, groups clear small forest areas, farm for few years, then move when soil looses nutrients.

Slash and Burn

ag technique where vegetation is cut down and burned to clear land for cultivation

Amazon rainforest, farmers cut down trees and burn then to clear land for planting.

Swidden

a patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning

Ranching

commercial farming which livestock is allowed to roam over and established area, extensive

Tx, cattke ranches raise cows for beef, using opne land for grazing.

Plantation Agriculture

commercial farming where crops are grown for sale, large area of land

Brazil, large plantations grow coffee on vast farms and export for sale.

Truck Farming

commercial gardening and fruit farming to sell in urban areas

Florida, farmer grow tomatoes and strawberries and transport to market.

Milkshed

region in which fresh milk is produced and can be delivered without spoilage for sale and consumption, first ring near the market

NYC, dairy farms supply milk to city before it spoils.

Mediterranean Ag

practice of growing crops in regions with hot, dry summers and mild wet winters

In Spain, farmer grow olives and grapes in this climate.

Mixed Crop and Livestock

ag system that combines cultivation of crops w raising of livestock on the same farm

MidW Us, farmers grow corn while also raising pigs, using the crop to feed animals.

double cropping

ag practice of planting and harvesting 2 crops on the same land withing a single growing season

Chile, planting a winter wheat crop after harvesting a summer grain crop.

3rd Ag Rev

period of significant ag transformation in mid-20th century, introduced HYV, adv ag practices, fertilizers and pesticides

In India, 3rd Ag Rev increased food production and reduced hunger.

Green Revolution

development of HYV and fasting growing crops through increased tech, pesticides, and fertilizers

Agribusiness

The business side of agriculture, including production, distribution, and marketing of agricultural goods.

Commodity

raw materials or ag product that is traded globally, forms basis of countrys economy

Wheat, corn, coffee, and rice are traded aroudn the world.

Commodity Chain

linked system of processed that transform raw materials into goods, package for distribution, and sell to consumers

Farmers grow coffee beans, companies package then, and stores sells to consumers.

Global Supply Chain

network that connects producers, suppliers, manufacturers, and consumers across the country to deliver products

A phone, parts are made in different countries, and sold worldiwde.

aquaculture

cultivation or farming of aquatic species, like fish in controlled condition

In Norway, they farm salmon in large sea cages for global markets.

Monoculture

cultivation of 1 crop in large area

US MidW, farmers only grow and plant corn across acres.

Desertification

fertile land becomes arid, unproductive, and desert-like

Africas Sahel region, overgrazing and drought led to desertification.

GMOS

genetically modified organisms, organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering technique

soybeans and corn grown in US are gmos, designed to resist insects.

Feedlot

concentrated animal feeding operations where livestock are raised in a small, confined area to rapidly fatten them for slaughter

Factory farms where chickens are raised in cramped conditions.

Sustainable Agriculture

farming methods that perserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution

A farm uses natural fertilizers and less water.

Von Thunen Model

economic model that explain agricultural land use pattern as rings around a market, also the cost of land and transportation of crops to market

Near cities ins NY, farmers grow produce and dairy because its easier to transport quickly w out spoilage.

Bid rent curve

explain how land prices and demand for real estate vary with distance from central business district in urban areas

In LA, land is expensive but in the suburbs it gets cheaper.

Clustered settlement

settlement where # of families live close to eachother with fields surrounding collection of houses and farm buildings

European villages, houses are built close together in a small area w farmland surrounding.

Dispersed Settlement

settlement where farmers are living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside, homes spread out

In US, rural Kansas houses are spread far apart across areas of land.

Linear settlement

communities organized in a long, narrow, pattern, along transportation route, river

Rural Canada, towns are built in a line along rivers or highways.

Metes and bounds

method of marking land using physical features, distance, direction

In OG 13 colonies, they divided land using trees, rivers, or rocks are markers.

Township and Range

system used to divide land into rectangular plots in West US, using baselines and meridians

MidW US, farmland is divides into square shaped plots using this system.

Long lot

narrows, rectangular land parcel used in French colonial territory, stretching back to river or road

In Quebec, farms laid out in long lots along St Lawrence river so farmers have acces to the river.