Phylogenies

Eukarya

Traits of ancestor, primary endosymbiosis of ancient mitochondria (proteobacteria)

Archaeplastida

Primary endosymbiosis of ancient chloroplasts (Cyanobacteria)

Rhizaria

Skeletal structure of calcium or silica

Alveolars

Alveoli-flattened vesicle

SAR

Secondary endosymbiosis of red algae, genetic characteristics

Stramenopiles

Long hair flagellum or shorter smooth flagellum

Amoebazoa

Blob shape, genetic similarities

Opisthokonta

Genetic characteristics

Discoba

crystalline, rod flagella

Euglenids

Secondary endosymbiosis of green algae

Metazoa

Asymmetry, ECM

Eumetazoa

Diploblastic, radial symmetry

Bilatera

Bilateral symmetry, triploblasty, cephalization

Nephrozoa

Coelom development

Deuterostome

Radial, indeterminate cleavage

Protostome

Protostome development

Spiralia

Genetic similarities, spiral determinate cleavage

Ecdysozoa

Ecydysis (molting)

Porifera

Simple sac bodies with pores, asymmetry, no tissues, basal clade(sponge)

Cnidaria

Cnidocytes, radial symmetry, diploblastic, true tissues, basal clade

Acoela

No coelom, bilateral, triploblastic, basal clade

Echinodermata

Bilateral, spiny skin, endoskeleton, water vascular system, tube feet (starfish)

Chordates

Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, post-anal tail, gill slits (human)

Platyhelminthes

Flat worm, acoelamate

Rotifera

Psuedocoelamate, corona

Mollusca

Radula, mantle, true coelom, 3 major classes (snail)

Annelida

Segmented worm, true coeloms, body wall (earthworm)

Nematoda

Round worm, psuedocoelomate, hydrostatic skeleton

Arthropoda

Coelom, chitin exoskeleton, molting, tagma, jointed appendages (insects)

Chordates

4 derived traits, invertebrates, 1 HOX cluster (lancelots)

Vertebrates

Bone or cartilage replacing notochord, 2 or more HOX cluster (hagfish)

Gnathostomes

Hinged jaws, bony skeleton (cartilage), 4 HOX clusters (sharks)

Osteichthyans

Lung or lung-swim bladder, calcium phosphate bond

Lobe-fins

Muscular limbs (lungfish)

Tetrapods

Lime with toes, pelvic girdle, neck, move to land (frogs)

Amniotes

Amniotic egg, amnion, terrestrial, rib cage (lizards)

Mammalia

Mammary gland, endotherm, love young, placenta (humans)

Veridiplanta

Cellulose in cell walls

Streptophyta

Sporopollenin (homo), similar flagellated sperm, cell plate

Plants

Alternation of generations, dependent embryos, walled spores, gametangia, apical meristems, cuticle, stomata

Vascular plants

Sporophyte dominant, transport in vascular tissues, roots, leaves, sporophylls

Seed plants

Reduced gametophytes, ovules, pollen, seeds, heterospory

Angiosperms

Flower and fruits, double fertilization

Plant life cycle

Mature sporophyte, flowers, spores, mature gametophyte, gametes, fertilization, zygote

Mycelium

Fungal body, grow in and around food source

Hyphae

Long branched filaments

Chytrids

Flagellated spores = zoospores

Zygomycetes

Form Zygospores, soil decomposer

Glomeromycetes

Mycorrhizae, helps with water and ion uptake

Ascomycetes

Spores contained in sacs, largest group

Basidiomycetes

Spores in gills, mushrooms

Importance of fungi

Decomposer, practical use, endophytes

Endophytes

Makes toxins, deter herbivores