GRADE 9 PRE-AP SCIENCE EXAM ONTARIO, CANADA FLASHCARDS

Element

A pure substance made up of only one type of atom

Compound

A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements

Ionic Bond

A bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another

Covalent Bond

A bond formed when atoms share electrons

Chemical Change

A change that results in the formation of new substances

Physical Change

A change in which no new substances are formed

Periodic Table

A chart organizing elements by their properties and atomic numbers

Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

Proton

A positively charged particle in an atom's nucleus

Neutron

A neutrally charged particle in an atom's nucleus

Electron

A negatively charged particle orbiting the nucleus

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom

Isotope

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

Equilibrium

The state where the forward and reverse reactions in a system occur at the same rate

Qualitative Data

Data that describes qualities or characteristics

Quantitative Data

Data that includes numerical measurements

Particle Theory

A theory stating that all matter is made of particles that are constantly moving

Asteroid

A small rocky body orbiting the sun

Comet

A celestial object made of ice and dust that develops a tail when near the sun

Galaxy

A system of millions or billions of stars

Light Year

The distance light travels in one year

Supernova

A stellar explosion that occurs at the end of a star's life cycle

Red Giant

A large

White Dwarf

A small

Nebula

A large cloud of gas and dust in space where stars are born

Black Hole

A region of space where gravity is so strong that nothing

Big Bang Theory

The leading explanation for the origin of the universe

Orbit

The path of a celestial object around another object due to gravity

Eclipse

The blocking of light from one celestial body by another

Star

A luminous sphere of plasma held together by gravity

Constellation

A group of stars that form a recognizable pattern

Aurora

A display of natural light in the Earth's sky caused by charged particles from the sun

Solar System

A group of planets and other celestial bodies orbiting a star

Meteoroid

A small rocky or metallic body traveling through space

Meteorite

A meteoroid that survives its passage through Earth's atmosphere and reaches the ground

Current

The flow of electric charge in a circuit

Voltage

The potential difference between two points in a circuit

Resistance

A material's opposition to the flow of electric current

Ohm's Law

The relationship between voltage

Series Circuit

A circuit where components are connected end-to-end so current flows through each one

Parallel Circuit

A circuit where components are connected so there are multiple paths for current

Conductor

A material that allows electric charge to flow easily

Insulator

A material that resists the flow of electric charge

Static Electricity

The accumulation of electric charge on a surface

Grounding

The process of removing excess electric charge by transferring it to the Earth

Power

The rate at which electrical energy is used or produced (P = IV)

Ecosystem

A community of interacting organisms and their physical environment

Food Chain

A sequence showing how energy and nutrients flow through an ecosystem

Food Web

A system of interdependent food chains showing multiple pathways for energy flow in an ecosystem

Trophic Level

The position an organism occupies in a food chain

Producer

An organism that creates its own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

Consumer

An organism that obtains energy by consuming other organisms

Decomposer

An organism that breaks down dead material and recycles nutrients

Abiotic Factor

A non-living component of an ecosystem

Biotic Factor

A living component of an ecosystem

Biodiversity

The variety of life in a specific habitat or ecosystem

Sustainability

The ability of an ecosystem to remain healthy and productive over time

Carbon Cycle

The movement of carbon through the Earth's biosphere

Nitrogen Cycle

The process by which nitrogen is converted into various chemical forms in the environment

MSDS

Material Safety Data Sheet containing information about a chemical substance

WHMIS

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System

Corrosive

A substance that can destroy or damage other materials on contact

Explosive

A material that can cause explosions under certain conditions

Flammable

A substance that can easily catch fire

Toxic

A substance that is harmful or deadly if ingested

Compressed Gas

A gas stored under pressure in a container

Biohazardous

A material that poses a threat to living organisms

Oxidizing

A substance that releases oxygen and can cause combustion

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Safety gear worn to minimize exposure to hazards

Hazard Symbol

A visual indicator of potential danger associated with a material

First Aid Kit

A collection of supplies and equipment for medical emergencies