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Enlightenment
A philosophical movement in the 18th century emphasizing reason over tradition in solving social problems.
Thomas Hobbes
Philosopher who believed in absolute monarchy for the protection of life and advocated for a social contract.
John Locke
Philosopher who argued for natural rights (life, liberty, property) and the right to revolution if these rights are violated.
Charles de Montesquieu
Proposed the separation of powers into three branches of government to prevent tyranny.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Believed people are inherently good but corrupted by society; advocated for the greater good over self-interest.
Voltaire
Critic of religious and political oppression, advocating for freedom of thought and expression.
Republicanism
Political ideology supporting individual rights, popular sovereignty, and civic participation.
Declaration of Independence
Document declaring the American colonies' independence from Great Britain, listing grievances against King George III.
Articles of Confederation
The first governing document of the United States, which established a weak central government.
Shays’ Rebellion
A revolt by farmers protesting economic injustices, highlighting the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.
Constitutional Convention
A 1787 meeting to address the weaknesses of the Articles and create a stronger federal government.
The Great Compromise
Established a bicameral legislature with representation based on population in the House and equal representation in the Senate.
Three-Fifths Compromise
Agreement counting enslaved individuals as three-fifths of a person for representation purposes.
Federalists
Supporters of the Constitution advocating for a strong central government.
Anti-Federalists
Opponents of the Constitution fearing it would threaten individual liberties and create a powerful executive.
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing individual rights and liberties.
Electoral College
A body of electors established by the Constitution to elect the president, reflecting the population of each state.
Federalist Papers
A series of essays written to support the ratification of the Constitution and explain its principles.
Judicial Review
The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional, established in Marbury v. Madison.
Federalism
A system of government where power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units (states).
Separation of Powers
The division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another.
Checks and Balances
A system ensuring that no one branch of government becomes too powerful by allowing each branch to limit the powers of the others.
Amendment Process
The procedure for altering the Constitution, requiring approval from two-thirds of Congress and three-fourths of the states.
Civil Liberties
Protections against government actions that infringe on individual rights.
Civil Rights
The rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.
Public Opinion
The collective attitudes and beliefs of individuals on political issues.
Political Socialization
The process by which individuals develop their political beliefs and values.
Interest Groups
Organizations that seek to influence public policy and decision-making.
Political Parties
Organized groups that seek to gain power by winning elections and influencing government policy.
Voter Turnout
The percentage of eligible voters who participate in an election, often influenced by various factors including education and age.
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