Packets 7 & 8

Largest circulatory route in the body. It extends from the left ventricle to the right atrium.

Systemic route

What 3 circulatory routes branch off the systemic circuit?

Coronary, cerebral, hepatic portal circulation

Supplies and drains the brain (circle of Willis)

Cerebral circulation

Blood goes from digestive tract to liver to monitor wastes, trace amount toxins and glucose

Hepatic portal circulation

The central function of __________ is to carry oxygen rich blood to the body and pick up waste like CO2

Systemic circulation

What are the three types of blood vessels

Arteries, veins and capillaries

Only the __________ are permeable vessels

Capillaries

Structure of a wall of an artery has how many tunics or layers?

3

The innermost layer of the artery that includes endothelium which is the simple squamous epithelium that lines the lumen of all blood vessels.

Tunica interna

The middle layer of the artery that is the thickest layer of an artery. It consists of a circular arrangement of smooth muscle and Alsatian sheets. The smooth ,sickle of this layer is innervated by the ANS.

Tunica media

Decrease in blood vessel diameter size. Themis results in an increase in blood pressure

Vasoconstriction

Increase in blood vessel diameter size. This results in a decrease in blood pressure.

Vasodialation

The outermost layer of the artery that is composed of collagen fibers that protect and reinforce the vessel and anchor the vessel to surrounding structures

Tunica externa

the thickest layer or tunica of an artery?

Tunica media

What are the 3 types of arteries?

elastic, muscular, arterioles

These arteries are also called conducting arteries, they are thick walled arteries that lie close to the heart

Elastic arteries

Which type of artery has the largest diameter and the most elastin fibers in the tunica media?

Elastic arteries

The rhythmic expansion and recoiling of elastic arteries resulting from heart contraction.

Pulse

What are the 3 best places to take a pulse?

Radial, carotid, popliteal pulse

This type of artery is also called a distributing artery and is a medium sized artery found at the distal end of elastic arteries.

Muscular arteries

What type of artery carries blood to specific organs. These arteries have the thickest tunica media of all vessels. Their tunica media of elastic arteries.

Muscular arteries

Which of the arteries is the smallest and supplies blood to the capillaries

Arterioles

Large arterioles have 3 tunics, but small arterioles have a ______ layer of smooth muscle cells surrounding the endothelium

Single

What determines the blood flow in capillaries and changes depending upon neural and normal influences?

Arterioles diameter

Changing ______ changes resistance to blood flow

Diameter

Arterioles are sometimes called ____________ when Arterioles constrict, the tissue they serve are mainly bypassed

resistance vessels

When arterioles dilate, the blood flow into the local capillaries they serve dramatically _________ (increases / decreases) the amount of blood going in.

Increases

Vessels that are microscopic and located near most body cells

Capillaries

Capillaries only have which tunica, or a very thin layer of endothelium

Turnica interna

Red blood cells pass through _____ single file

Capillaries

The major function of capillaries is to allow the exchange of _______, ________, and _______ between blood and body tissues.

Gasses, nutrients and wastes

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoid

Which of the 3 types of capillaries is the least permeable but the most common

Continuous capillaries

Continuous capillaries have ________ (not complete) between adjacent cells. Small gaps in the junctions allow for limited passage of molecules.

Tight junctions

What 4 places are continuous capillaries found in?

Skin, muscles, lungs and CNS

Which of the 3 types of capillaries have large pores which allow for greater permeability than continuous capillaries?

Fenestrated capillaries

Fenestrated capillaries are found in which 3 structures

Small intestine (for absorption), kidney (for filtration), endocrine glands (for hormone secretion)

Which of the 3 types of capillaries is A modified leaky capillary.

Sinusoid capillaries

Which of the 3 types of capillaries has the greatest permeability

Sinusoid capillaries

Which of the 3 types of capillaries have larger intercellular clefts, fenestrated a and very few thigh junctions.

Sinusoid capillaries

Where are sinusoid capillaries found?

Liver, bone morrow, spleen

Usuhow many capillaries are there typically in each capillary bed?

10-100

True capillaries usually branch off a _______ and empty into the throrughfare channel.

Metarteriole

A cuff of smooth muscle called a __________ regulates the blood flow into a capillary bed

Precapillary sphincter

The smallest veins

Venules

What vessel collects blood from the capillaries

Venules

Capillaries drain into what vessel

Venules

Small Venules consist of ____________ only and are very porous

Endothelium

Large venules are composed of how many tunics

3

Larger blood vessels that transport blood back to the heart.

Veins

Veins have how many tunics or layers

3

Which has thinner walls arteries or veins

Veins

Which has larger lumens? Arteries or veins?

Veins

Which tunica is the thickest/ heaviest wall in a vein?

tunica externa

Many veins especially in the arms and legs have _______ that ensure one-way blood flow

Valves

A structure that is also called a capacitance vessel and blood reservoir

Veins

Veins hold up to _________% of our body’s blood which is why we call the, capacitance vessels and blood reservoirs

60-65

Flattened vein with thin walls supported by surrounding tissue.

Venous sinus

What are some examples of venous sinus (flattened vein with thin walls supported by surrounding tissue)?

Coronary sinus, dural venous sinuses

Dilated vessels with stretched walls that have incompetent leaky valves. Cause by prolonged standing in position, heredity, pregnancy and obesity

Varicose veins

What are 3 factors that affect venous return?

Milking action of skeletal muscles, valves, pressure changes in the thoracic cavity (as breathing)

Arterioles are _________ (capacitance / resistance) vessels and veins are ________(capacitance / resistance)

Resistance, capacitance

The force blood exerts against the walls of the blood vessels. Measured in mmHg in arteries

Blood pressure

Blood pressure is _________pressure over ________ blood pressure

Systolic/diastolic

The pressure gradient difference in blood pressure keeps blood flowing. Always _______ to ________ pressure

Higher, lower

Blood pressure is measured how many times

Twice

When the left ventricle is in systole (120mmHg) it is called

Systolic pressure

When the left ventricle is in diastole (70-80mmHg) it is called

Diastolic pressure

Phases of contraction

Systolic pressure

Phases of relaxation

diastolic pressure

What is the formula for finding pulse pressure?

Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure = PP

The amount of blood in ventricle at the end of the filling phase, measured in ml

End diastolic volume (EDV)

Amount of blood in ventricle after ventricular systole measured in ml

End systolic volume (ESV)

The amount of blood ejected from each ventricle during each heartbeat measure in ml

Stroke volume (SV)

Measure in ml/min, the amount of blood ejected from each ventricle in a minute

Cardiac output

The pressure that propels the blood to the tissue.

Mean arterial pressure

What is the formula for finding the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Diastolic pressure + (pulse pressure / 3)

What is the formula to finding blood pressure

cardiac output x peripheral resistance = blood pressure

Cardiac output is _____ (directly / indirectly) affected by blood volume

Directly

Amount of friction blood encounters as it passes through the vessels is called

Peripheral resistance

Blood pressure varies ________ (directly /indirectly) with peripheral resistance

Directly

The smaller the arteriole diameter the ________ (greater / lesser) the peripheral resistance

Greater

Ther larger the arteriole diameter the _______ (greater / lesser) the peripheral resistance.

Lesser

What are the 4 factors that affect arteriole diameter

epinephrine, vasomotor center (in the medulla oblongata), norepinephrine, arterial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Epinephrine _______ (increases / decreases) the rate and force of contraction in the arterioles.

Increases

Norepinephrine ______ (widens / narrows) blood vessels, and increased blood pressure.

Narrows

What dilates blood volume and decreases blood pressure in arterioles?

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

If the viscosity of blood is increased then blood pressure ________ (increases / decreases)

Increase

If the viscosity of blood is decreased then blood pressure ________ (increases / decreases)

Decreases

If the blood vessel length is increased then blood pressure ________ (increases / decreases)

Increases

If the blood vessel length is shorted than the blood pressures ________ (increases / decreases)

Decreases

What is regulated by hormones like ADH

Blood volume

Blood volume is regulated by _____ regulation - if larger hemorrhage, _______ is released to cause vasoconstriction

Renal, adh

Does an increased diameter of the arterioles increase or decrease blood pressure?

Decrease

Does increased blood viscosity increase or decrease blood pressure?

Increase

Does increased cardiac output increase or decrease blood pressure?

Increase

Does hemorrhage increase or decrease blood pressure?

Decrease

Does arteriosclerosis increase or decrease blood pressure?

Increase

Does an increase in pulse rate increase or decrease blood pressure?

Increase

Does and increased length of blood vessel increase or decrease blood pressure?

Increase