apush

Columbian Exchange

Transatlantic flow of goods and people

Mestizos

Person of mixed origin, made up in large part of urban population in Spanish America

Repartimiento System

Residents of Indian villages. Remains legally free and entitled to wages. They had to do a set amount of work, but they were not slaves.

Black Legend

The image of Spain as a uniquely brutal and exploitative colonizer.

Pueblo Revolt

Victory for North American Indians in which they ran out the Spanish colonists in present day New Mexico.

Metis

Marriage and children between Indian women and French traders.

Headright System

The Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the family members who came with them each received 50 acres of land

House of Burgesses

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.

tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown, VA

Puritanism

The religion of a group of religious dissidents who came to the New World so they would have a location to establish a "purer" church than the one that existed in England

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Pequot War

The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Half-way Covenant

The Half-way Covenant applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.

English Freedom

All people of America should enjoy the rights of Englend

King Philip's War

Beginning in 1675, an uprising against white colonists by Indians. A multi-year conflict, the end result was broadened freedoms for white New Englanders and the disposession of the region's Indians. Led by Metacom

Mercantilist system

A theory that government should regulate economic activity as to promote national power.

Navigation Acts

Passed by the English Parliament to control colonial trade and bolster the mercantile system, 1650-1775; enforcement of the acts led to growing resentment by colonists.

Bacon's Rebellion

Unsuccessful 1676 revolt led by planter Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia governor William Berkeley's administration because of governmental corruption and because Berkeley had failed to protect settlers from Indian raids and did not allow them to occupy Indian lands.

Anglicanism

The Church of England.

Salem witch trials

A crisis of trials and executions in Salem, Massachusetts, that came about from anxiety over witchcraft in 1692.

''cousinocracy''

A term referring to the tight-knit and intermarried nature of the Virginia upper class.

Rhode Island

Established by Roger Williams and his followers in 1636 after they were banished from Massachusetts. This place became known for the religious freedom it allowed with no official church, no religious standards for voting, and did not require it's citizens to attend church (Source: Give Me Liberty! An American History Page 77)

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Colony founded in 1630 by John Winthrop, part of the Great Puritan Migration, founded by puritans. Had a theocratic republic. "City upon a hill"

Virginia Company

A joint stock company that, with a charter granted by James the I, established the Jamestown Colony.

Indentured Servant

A person under contract to work for another person for a definite period of time, usually without pay but in exchange for free passage to a new country. During the seventeenth century most of the white laborers in Maryland and Virginia came from England as indentured servants.

Starving Time

Oh wow we don't have any food and its cold and its the winter of 1609-1610 in Jamestown and only 65 of us survive.

Puritans

group of dissenters who sought to change catholic practices in the church of england

Half-Way Covenant

a system in which the generations born from ¨visible saints¨ (people who had family who were puritan) would be able to attain church membership in the Puritan church

Merchant Elite

Powerful figures in New England who grew rich from trade and were often considered blessed by God due to their earthly wealth and influence.

Lord Baltimore

The title Belonging to George Calvert. The person responsible for funding many explorations of the "New Land" . As well as a founder of the American colony Maryland situated in Chesapeake bay.

"Public works revolution"

Transformed American economy and landscape; Roosevelt administration built dams, bridges, roads, hospitals, and educational facilities.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Democratic president from 1932-1940. Created New Deal and tried to help the country recuperate from the depression

New Deal

A series of new reforms with the goal of ending the economic depression. Was a big change from Hoover because it showed that the government cared.

Bank holiday

The day that FDR closed all banks until they were property evaluated; only the stable ones would be approved and permitted to reopen. This ensured the safety of banks to people (used fireside chats to explain)

Emergency Banking Act (1933)

A government legislation passed during the depression that dealt with the bank problem. The act allowed a plan which would close down insolvent banks and reorganize and reopen those banks strong enough to survive.

Hundred Days

Intense political activity after the election of FDR where over 15 pieces of legislation were passed within 100 days. Although many of the programs didn't work, they showed that the government cared about its people and was trying.

National Recovery Administration

Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours.

Civilian Conservation Corps

A major public works program in the United States during the Great Depression. 200,000 young men given housing and food, with a pay check. Had a lot of environmental projects, included black men but not women.

Public Works Administration

Spent $4 billion on dams, transportation, schools, and public building construction. Had 2.6 million workers within first 30 days.

Tennessee Valley Authority

Hydroelectric network supplied cheap power to a poor area. Very successful because created jobs, provided flood control, recreational areas and jobs. Gave electricity and running water to the community.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (1935)

Gave subsidies to farmers to cut production so that prices went up; brought farmers more purchasing power. This didn't help sharecroppers.

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

Federal Housing Administration

A federal agency established in 1943 to increase home ownership by providing an insurance program to safeguard the lender against the risk of nonpayment.

Securities Exchange Commission

An agency created in 1934 that monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds to prevent another depression

Twenty-First Amendment

Ended prohibition by repealing the 18th amendment

Congress of Industrial Organizations

A federation of labor union for all unskilled workers. It provided a national labor union for unskilled workers, unlike the AFL, which limited itself to skilled workers.

Sit-down strike

Work stoppage in which workers shut down all machines and refuse to leave a factory until their demands are met.

Share Our Wealth movement

Huey Long's kingfish idea because the depression caused an uneven distribution of wealth. Wanted to tax 80% of wealthy's money and distribute it evenly among the poor. Resulted in highly publicized taxes on large fortunes

Townsend plan

A plan proposed by Francis Townsend in 1933 that would give $200 a month to citizens over the age of sixty. Townsend Clubs sprang up across the country in support of the plan, mobilizing mass support for old-age pensions.

Rural Electrification Agency

1935; made electricity available at low rates to American farm families in areas that private power companies refused to service.

Second New Deal

New set of programs in the spring of 1935 including additional banking reforms, new tax laws, new relief programs

Works Progress Administration

New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.

Social Security Act (1935)

guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Wagner Act

1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.

Welfare state

A government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.

Fireside chats

The informal radio conversations Roosevelt had with the people to keep spirits up. It was a means of communicating with the people on how he would take on the depression.

Election of 1936

election between FDR and Alf Landon; most lopsided election in US history with FDR getting all the electoral votes

Court-packing plan

FDR's plan to curb the power of the Court by proposing a bill to allow the president to name a new federal judge for each who did not retire by age 70 and 1/2. At the time, 6 justices were over the age limit. Would have increased the number of justices from 9 to 15, giving FDR a majority of his own appointees on the court. Congress did not pass the court-packing bill. FDR seen as dictator

Minimum wage laws

set a floor for wage rates, and explain at least a fraction of unemployment

Keynesian economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Indian New Deal

1930's legislation that gave Indians greater control of their own affairs and provided further funding for schools and hospitals.

"Redlining"

he practice of, in the United States, denying, or charging more for, services such as banking, insurance, access to health care, or even supermarkets, or denying jobs to residents in particular, often racially determined, areas.

The Popular Front

A coalition lead by the American Communist Party; supported Fraklin Roosevelt and The New Deal; mobilized intellectuals towards social criticism. Worked against racism significantly, popular in mid 1930s.

"Scottsboro boys"

A group of nine black youths who rode the rails and were unfairly accused of and punished for raping two white women on the train, but supreme court decided they deserved a fair trial.

Smith Act (1940)

Law passed in 1940 that made it a criminal offense to advocate violent overthrow of the government or to organize or be a member of any group or society devoted to such advocacy.

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

The House of Representatives established this in order to investigate "subversion," or disloyal Americans/communists

"new woman"

Changes in behavior of woman in the 1920s. Were allowed to smoke, drink in public, vote, smoke, wear shorter dresses, dance, cut their hair, wear makeup, not wear restricting corsets.

consumerism

Believe by Robert and Helen Lynd in Middleton that America was focussing more towards consumer goods and leisure activities than politics. Society where people could go buy things.

Warren G. Harding

Took office as president in 1921 and promised a return to normalcy. His administration became very corrupt. Died in 1923

Calvin Coolidge

Took over as president when Warren G. Harding died. Was former governor of Massachusetts. Vetoed the McNary Haugen Bill. Reelected in 1924. "Silent Cal"

American Civil Liberties Union

Was formed after people arrested from Sedition acts. Took part in many landmark cases that helped bring about a rights revolution. It was formed from the Civil Liberties Bureau (1917) which was formed after the arrest of antiwar dissenters under the Seditions and Espionage Acts. In 1920 it became the American Civil Liberties Union. This union would take place in many of the landmark cases that help bring out a "rights revolution." It also helped to give meaning to many of the traditional civil liberties and came up with some new ones (such as right to privacy).

"modernists"

Groups that sought to integrate science and religion and adapt christianity as the new secular pastor.

fundamentalism

Belief that the bible should be read literally and that it was necessary to rid of modernists

quota system

measure in 1921 that restricted immigration from Europe. Limited it to 357,000 people per year. 3 years later was limited permanently to 150,000 a year. Also limited immigration by country: was done by wide variety of factors.

Harlem Renaissance

Harlem: Area of New York that gained reputation as being the capital for Black America.
Period of increased black culture. Included the likes of Claude McKay, Countee Cullen and Langston Hughes

Sacco-Vanzetti Case

Sacco and Vanzetti were 2 Italian immigrants convicted for a crime with very little evidence. Their guilty verdict reflected the anti-immigrant and anti-radical attitude of American citizens, sentenced to death because they were anarchists and Italian. Worldwide protests happened as a result

Rise of the Stock Market

In the 1920's, the market attracted more investors. Many assumed stock values would rise forever. By 1928, 1.5 million Americans owned stock (still a minority of 28 million American families but far more than in the past)

"Welfare Capitalism"

Business leadership concerned with the wellbeing of workers. It was a more socially conscious business leadership than in the past. This also trumpeted the fact that people now paid more attention to the "human factor" while employing.

Equal Rights Amendment

Proposed to eliminate political distinctions concerning sex.An amendment that was promoted by Alice Paul and the National Women's Party that wanted to eliminate any legal distinctions because of what sex the person was. Over debate were the topics of woman's freedom where one was based on motherhood and one was based on individual autonomy. Promoted by Alice Paul and the National Women's party that proposed to eliminate all legal distinctions on account of gender and would ban discrimination based on sex. Many thought that this law was a step backwards, most feminist organizations opposed this. Would fail.

"Flapper"

Girls who are rebelling with their bobbed hair, short skirts, public drinking and smoking, and the use of birth-control methods (which they were unapologetic about it). The "flapper" showed the change of standards with sexual behavior (mostly in large cities). They would perform "wild" dances in dance halls and clubs, dances like the Charleston. They also went to sexually charged Hollywood films with the provocative "It Girl" Clara Bow and the "Latin Lover" Rudolph Valentino (which died suddenly of an illness in 1926 and grieving women kept trying to storm the funeral home).

Teapot Dome Scandal

Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall accepted almost $500,000 from private businessman who he leased government oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming. This was the most notorious scandal and he became the first cabinet member in history that was convicted of a felony.

Hays Code

A sporadically enforced set of rules that prohibited movies from showing any nudity, long kisses, or adultery, and also stopped scripts that portrayed any clergymen in a negative way or showed sympathy towards criminals.

"Clear and Present Danger"

Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes spoke for the court saying that the First Amendment did not stop Congress from prohibiting speech and that presented a "clear and present danger" that could inspire illegal actions."

Fundamentalism

No wiggle room in interpretation, a strict adherence to a core set of beliefs. It was mainly a Protestant movement calling for the literal interpretation of the Bible and found large support in the rural areas of America (south & west).

Scopes Trial

John Scopes, a Tennessee public school teacher, was convicted for teaching evolution. The trial pitted religion against science, but more importantly, the traditional, fundamentalist values against the modern, secular perspective. It was the epitome of the culture wars. Trial in 1925 in Tennessee that was the result of a teacher being arrested for teaching Charles Darwin's theory of evolution in public schools. Trial was much watched nationwide. He was defended by Clarence Darrow.

Second Ku Klux Klan

Spurred by intense nativism and fundamentalism, we see the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, this time they were against immigrants, feminism, and unions. It was a rural movement rising against the urban forces. Resurgence of the Klan after a lynching in Atlanta. It grew to over 3 million by the mid 1920's. Was reborn in the early 1920s in Atlanta with the lynching of Leo Frank. By the mid 1920s it had 3 million members. Large in both North and West also. Against more than just blacks.

Immigration Restriction

Growing immigration population had created social problems, disagreement on how best to respond. Introduction of immigrants was polluting the nation's racial stock. Applying science to humans, inequalities hereditary and that immigration was contributing the multiplication of the unfit. Theodore Roosevelt supported immigration restriction. Powerful opponents were employers who saw immigration as a source of cheap labor, immigrants themselves.

"Illegal alien"

The law of 1924 established that any Chinese who tried to enter the country while there was the exclusion legislation would be classified as an "illegal alien." This was later to be exclusively with Latinos, it at first was referred to eastern and southern Europeans who wanted to get across the border from Mexico or Canada.

"New Negro"

It was associated with pan-Africanism and the militancy of the Garvey movement. This mean the rejection of common stereotypes and a search for black values to put in the place of those stereotypes. Term meaning that blacks would reject established stereotypes and instead create their own culture

Stock Market Crash

A name given to October 29, 1929, when stock prices fell sharply. Soon after, stock prices were able to recover. It was a signal regarding the weakness in the American economy, not the main cause of the Great Depression.

Bonus Marchers

In 1932, 20,000 World War I veterans who were unemployed went to Washington to demand an early payment of the bonus due in 1945. However, they were drove away by federal soldiers led by Douglas MacArthur.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

This agency became a government lending bank. It was designed to provide indirect relief by assisting insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, and railroads.

Causes of the Great Depression.

Stock market crash of 1929
Decrease in American purchasing power due to unequal distribution of income/wealth overproduction, crisis in farming, rising gap in rich and poor, federal reserve, Hawley-Smott tariff, - overproduction of everything, - speculation, - underconsumption

Issues were of concern to fundamentalists

evangelical Protestants feel threatened by mainstream Protestants/Catholics/Jews
supported prohibition which greatly reduced alcohol consumption during the 1920s
fought the teaching of evolution in private & public schools

Emergency Quota/Immigration Act

restricted the number of immigrants admitted from any country annually to 3% of the number of residents from that same country living in the United States as of the U.S. Census of 1910. Was formulated mainly in response to the large influx of Jews fleeing persecution in Eastern Europe and thus successfully restricted their immigration and that of other "undesirables" into the United States.

National Origins Act

A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians. The policy stayed in effect until the 1960s.

Volstead Act

formally National Prohibition Act, U.S. law enacted in 1919 to provide enforcement for the Eighteenth Amendment, prohibiting the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.

Religious Fundamentalism

refers to the belief of an individual or a group of individuals in the absolute authority of a sacred religious text or teachings of a particular religious leader, prophet,and/ or God