Studied by 4 people
Roles of Policy Making Institutions
Legislative branch
Executive branch
Judicial Branch
Make the law
Enforce the Law
Interpret the Law
Parlimentary System Election Process
Individual Voters vote for ministers of parliment in thier own districits (all uk regions)
The MP’s that are elected around the districts gain their seat in the house of commons (650 MP’s)
The majority party in the house of commons gets to elect the PM, who is part of the legislature
Prime minister gets to appoint cabinet
Presidential system Election Process
Voters vote for President
Voters vote for Senate
Voters vote for Lower House members
President chooses cabinet members who are confirmed by the senate
If a member of legislature is chosen for cabinet, they have to give up their position in the legistlature.
Semi - Presidential System Election Process
Voters vote for president and State Duma MP’s
President chooses Prime minister and cabinet members
State duma confirms the choice of PM and Cabinet
Iran government election processes
Voters vote for
Assembly of experts
Majlis
President
The assembly of experts chooses the supreme leader of Iran
The supreme leader of Iran chooses the cheif justice of the judicial system
However all candidates are vetted by the guardian council befor running
has 12 members, 6 chosen by the supreme leader and 6 chosen by the cheif justice of Iran
China Election Process
Selected as the general secratary of the CCP and chairment of the central military commision
Appointed as president by the national people’s congress
President nominates the premier who is confirmed by the NPC
Characteristics of a parlimentary system
Fusion of executive and legislative authority
Voters vote for members of parliments (MP'‘s)
Majoirty party is legislature selects the prime minister
Prime minister selects the cabinet from the leaders of majorty part to form the government
If there is no majority then a coalition government is formed
Policy making is efficient as government bills are supported by the majority party
Law making process in the UK
Government (PM and Cabinet) proposes bill
Needs a majority of MP’s to pass law
if government bill fails then vote of no confidence
House of lords can only delay the bill
officialy signed by the queen and put into effect
UK Legislature checks on power
Vote of no confidence
Question time
MP’s question the ministers
Party leadershup vote
Majority party has an internal vote for a new PM
Collective Responsibility
If a memberof cabinet disagrees with the prime minister, it is custom for them to resign.
Presidential System Characteristics
Seperation of executive and legislative authority
Voters vote for president and legislature in seperate popular elections
To join cabinet the legislators must resign their seat in the house
Policy making is difficult as divided government can lead to gird lock
Presidential System legislature checks on executives
Confirmation of the presidential appointements to the cabinet
Overide veto (requires a super majority vote)
Legislative oversight
Budget approval
Comitte Hearings (scrutiny)
Impeachment
Lower house has to impeach the president (2/3 supermajority)
Upper house has to remove the executive (2/3 supermajority)
Executive functions:
Formulate policies
Manage policy agenda
Propose laws and budgets
Implement Policies
Manage bureacracies
Write regulations
Enforce Policies
Administer programs
maintain law and order
Head of state
Ceremonial leader (represents the state)
Monarch, President
Commander in cheif
Foreign policy leader
Head of government
Legislative Leader (formulates policy)
Prime minister and president
Appoints the cabinet to oversee bureaucracy and civil service
Proposes/approves domestic legislation
President of Russia
Ceremonial Leader
Head of state
Commander in chief
Foreign policy leader
Appoints top ministers
Signs/vetoes legislatures
Prime Minister of Russia
Appoint cabinet to oversee bureaucracy and civil service
Proposes Domestic legislature
Head of government
Prime Minister of UK
Appoints cabinet to oversee bureaucracy and civil service
Head of government
De facto commander in chief (on behalf of the monarch)
Makes foreign policy
Develops domestic policies
Calls elections
Monarch of the UK
Ceremonial Leader
Head of state
Formally names PM’s
Signs bills into Laws
President of China
Head of state
Ceremonial Leader
Commander in chief
Foreign Policy Leader
Nominates Premier
Premier of China
Head of government
Appointes the cabinet to oversee bureaucracy and civil service
Proposes domestic legislation
President of Iran
Head of government
Appoints the cabinet to oversee bureaucracy and civil service
Proposes domestic legislation
Conducts foreign policy
Supreme Leader of Iran
Head of state
Commander in chief
Appoints ½ of the guardian council
Cheif justic
Expidency council
Revolutionary guards
Friday prayer leaders
Head of media
Bonyard leaders
Mexico president term limit
1 six year term
Nigeria President Term limit
2, 4 year terms
Russia President term limit
2, 6 year terms
Parlimentary PM Term Limits
No term limit
Advantages of Executive term limits
Check on executive power
Inhibits the emergence of dictators and personality rule
Help focus the office holder on governing rather than winning elections
Provides opportuinites for new leader with new ideas, polices and goals.
Disadvantages of Executive term limits
Forces good executives to leave office
Allows insufficient time for an office holder to action goals
Impeded policty continuity
Weakeans accountability
Parlimentary Removal of Executives
Vote of no confidence (needs a majority in lower house)
Internal Party Leadership MP vote
Presidential System Removal of Executive
Impeachment (Super majority)
China removal of executives
NPC needs to remove
Iran removal of executives
President
Majlis/supreme leader
Supreme Leader
Assembly of experts
Russia removal of executives
President
2/3 of Fedralist council impeach
PM
No confidence vote in Duma
UK Removal of Executive
PM
Vote of no confidence
Internal Party vote in house of commons
Nigeria House of Reps
Elected Lower house
Approves legislation
Nigeria Senate
Elected upper house
approves legislation
Confirmation power
Impeachment power
Mexico Chamber of deputies
Elected lower house
Approves legislation
Levies taxes
Verifies Election outcome
Mexico Senate
Elected upperhouse
Approves legislation
Approves treaties
Confirmation of supreme court justicies
Approve fedral intervention in state matters
UK house of commons
Elected lower house
Approves legislation
Includes PM
UK House of lords
Appointed upper house
Reviews and ammends bills
Can only delay bills
Russia Duma
Ellected lower house
Passes legislation
Confirms the presidents choice for PM
Russian Federation Council
Appointed upper house
Approves budget legislation
Confirms judicial nominiees
Approves troop deployment
China’s Legislation system
National People’s Congress
Elected house
Party controlled
Elects the President
Approves the premier
Legitimizes polices of executives
Iran’s Legislation System
Majlis
Elected house
approves legislation
Oversees the budget
Confirms the presidential cabinet appointments
Indepentdent Legislature
Legislative Independse is the degree to which a legislature is the time to excersie its power without constraints from other branchs/institutions.
Benefits of Independant Legislatures
Pottentially increase legitmacy and stability by
Responding to the public
Openly debating policy
Facilitating comprimise
Most likely to increase civil liberites
Checks the executives
Function of the Judical System?
To interpret and apply the laws
What is Judicial review
To interpret the constitution
To overturn legislation or impact the actions of the executive
China Judicial system
Tierd Court system
Judicial appointments are controlled by the chinese communist party
Rule by law
No judicial Review
Iran Judicial Review
Sharia Law
Role of Judiciary is to ensure legal system is based on religious law (Islam)
Head of the judicary is appointed by the supreme leader
Head of the judicary can nominatie ½ of the guardian council
Judicial Review (sharia’s not the consitution)
Mexico Judicial Review
Tired Court System
Supreme Court has judicial review
Supreme court magistrates nominated by the president, confirmed by the senate for a term of 15 years.
Common Law
High courts make decisions that set precident for laws in the future
Code Law
Rules that are written down
Nigeria Judicial System
Tierd system
Judicial Review
Sharia Courts in the north
Supreme court judges recomended by judicial council, appointed by presdient and confimed by the senate.
Russia Judicial System
Tierd system
Judges nominated by president and approved by the Federation council
Judicial Review ( In theory but not in practice)
** Courts used to target political Opposition
UK Judicial System
Not unified
Common to enforce rule of law
Supreme court
Final court of appeals
Judicial Review
Sort of
the court is brand new
there is no constitution but the court still performs checks on other branchs of government
Factors Impacting degres of judicial independence
Qualifications?
Term Lengths for judges
Process of removal for judges
Authority to overule Executive or legislative actions
Judicial Systems and democracy
Maintain checks and balance
More likely to protect rights and liberites
Act freely from other branchs of government
Establishing the rule of law
Maintain the speration of powers
Note
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