Anatomy 2

Histamine

produced by White Blood Cell a basophil

Histamine Function

increase permeability of blood vessels and capillaries, so that white blood cells and proteins can enter tissues to treat infection.

Leukotrienes

produced by WBC called leukocytes

Leukotrienes function

dilation of smooth muscles (Found in walls of blood vessels.)

Kinins

produced by polypeptides (proteins)

Kinins Function

Increase dilation of smooth muscle and increase vasodilation.

Prostaglandins

lipid molecule

Prostaglandins

 increases vasodilation, increases permeability of blood vessels, and targets peripheral nerves (pain response)

symptom of inflammation

redness

symptom of inflammation

Heat

symptom of inflammation

swelling (edema)

symptom of inflammation

Pain

symptom of inflammation

disturbance of function

We get redness because of the

 vasodilation caused by the prostaglandins and kinins.

The result of this redness is…

blood rushing to the site

We get heat because of…

vasodilation caused by kinins and prostaglandins

The result of this heat is

blood rushing to the site because of function.

We get edema (swelling) because of

increase in permeability of blood vessels from histamines and prostaglandins

The result of this edema is

 the result of this protein entering injured tissues

Pain is caused by

 nerve compression or damage from chemicals like prostaglandins

The result of pain is

pain

disturbance of function is caused by

 by pain; edema,

The result of this disturbance in function is

 having trouble using the area of injury.

Tissue repairs are

dead cells being replaced by viable ones to heal wounds.

regeneration is when

new cells of the same type as the dead or damaged cells

renegration results in

the level of function is restored.

Replacement also called fibrosis is when

new cells that come back are not the same type

The result of replacement is

you get scar tissue formation as lots of collagen is produced plus other connective tissue. Level of function may never return. 

The three types of cells in tissue repair are

liable, stable, and permanent.

Liable cell

is when cells continually divides and never stops until death

Liable cell example

skin cells

Stable Cell

is when cells do not actively divide unless absolutely necessary

Stable Cell example

Liver cells

Permanent cells

are when cells have little to no division

Permanent cells example

nerve cells and brain cells

Superficial wounds

renegration occurs

Deep wounds

Regeneration and Replacement occur.

Step 1 for wound healing (SAME IN DEEP AND SUPERFICIAL).

The wound will fill with blood

Step 2 for wound healing (SAME IN DEEP AND SUPERFICIAL).

Clot forms

Proteins that fill this clot are called

fibrin

Step 3 for wound healing (SAME IN DEEP AND SUPERFICIAL).

scab forms

Step 4 for wound healing (SAME IN DEEP AND SUPERFICIAL).

Inflammatory response activated. MOIS are released

Step 5 for wound healing (SAME IN DEEP AND SUPERFICIAL).

underneath clot there are regenerating new cells.

Step 6 for wound healing (SAME IN DEEP AND SUPERFICIAL).

new cells push up until scab falls off.

Step 7 for wound healing (SAME IN DEEP AND SUPERFICIAL).

Fibroblast (make collagen) will enter clot to make collagen; will appear pink due to revascularization.

Step 8 for wound healing (SAME IN DEEP AND SUPERFICIAL).

Clot becomes a granulation tissue (delicate connective tissue made up of new capillaries.)

Step 9 for wound healing (SAME FOR DEEP AND SUPERFICIAL).

Overtime…granaulative tissue becomes normal tissues.

THIS ONLY OCCURS IN DEEP TISSUE

In addition, account for infection, increase in tissue damage, increase in granaultive tissue, increase scarring, increased chance of wound contractor. 

A suspected cause for aging (1)

Chemical insults: disrupt homeostasis

Example of a chemical insult

Processed Food

A suspected cause for aging (2)

environmental insults

environmental insults example

UV Rays

A suspected cause for aging (3)

You have a genetically wired clock.

neoplasma definiton

abnormal cell growth

Metastasis

when tumors and cancer spreads.

How is metastasis caused

when cancer cells spread out.

treatments for malignant tumors include

Chemo, radiation, and surgery. 

A consequence to tissues as a result of aging include (1)

Less protection

A consequence to tissues as a result of aging include (2)

increased chances of infection

A consequence to tissues as a result of aging include (3)

heat escapes/always cold

skin losing elasticly causes

wrinkles and sagging

exocrine glands become glands become less active result

skin dries out faster

endocrine glands

secretion of hormones

when endocrine glands slow down (1)

slower metabolism

when endocrine glands slow down (2)

Sleep: wake cycle is affected

when connective tissue changes (1)

heal slower

when connective tissue changes (2)

Bone density changes (lose density)

when connective tissue changes (3)

muscles atrophy faster

a tumor can be benign when (1)

surrounded by a capsule

a tumor can be benign when (2)

slow growth

a tumor can be benign when (3)

seldom kills the host if untreated

a tumor can be malignant when (1)

No capsule

a tumor can be malignant when (2)

fast growth

a tumor can be malignant when (3)

may kill its host

a tumor can be malignant when (4)

sometimes cell breaks off and go into the bloodstream to spread.