General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry - Chapter 3 Review Flashcards

Flashcards to review concepts from Chapter 3 of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, focusing on compounds, electron arrangements, bonding, and molecular properties.

What is an electron cloud?

The space outside the nucleus where electrons are most likely to be found.

What are energy levels?

Electrons can only occupy these specific levels, like steps on a staircase.

How many electrons can the first energy level (n=1) hold?

The maximum number of electrons is two.

What is the highest energy level (valence shell) on the periodic table?

Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in this level.

What is a valence shell?

The highest energy level containing electrons.

What are valence electrons?

Electrons in the valence shell.

What is the octet rule?

Atoms react to achieve eight electrons in their valence shell.

What are ions?

Charged atoms formed by gaining or losing electrons.

What are anions?

Ions formed when atoms gain electrons and become negatively charged.

What are cations?

Ions formed when atoms lose electrons and become positively charged.

What does it mean for an ion to be isoelectronic with a noble gas?

An ion with the same number of electrons as a noble gas.

Which main group elements form cations with a charge equal to the group number?

Groups 1A, 2A, and 3A.

What is a polyatomic ion?

Consists of a group of nonmetals that form an ion.

How are metal ions named?

Add the word "ion" to the name of the metal.

How is the charge of a transition metal indicated in its name?

A Roman numeral indicates the charge on the ion.

How are nonmetal ions named?

The suffix -ide replaces the last few letters of the element name.

What is an ionic bond?

Attraction between a cation and an anion.

What is the overall rule for ionic compounds regarding charge?

A compound with a net charge of zero.

What do subscripts represent in chemical formulas?

Number of each particle in the compound.

How are ionic compounds named?

Names of the two ions are combined, cation first.

How is the charge designated for transition metals in ionic compound names?

A Roman numeral designates the charge.

How are polyatomic ions named in ionic compounds?

The name of the ion remains unchanged.

How do nonmetals combine?

Nonmetals combine by sharing valence electrons.

What results in the formation of a covalent bond?

Sharing of electrons.

What is a molecule?

The smallest unit of a covalent compound

Who is G.N. Lewis?

Developed electron-dot symbols to show electron sharing.

What is a bonding pair (bond)?

A shared pair of electrons.

What identifies all the components in a molecule?

Molecular formula

How do molecular formulas of covalent compounds differ from ionic compounds?

Does not reduce to the smallest whole-number ratio.

What is a Lewis structure?

A representation of a molecule's structure using lines for bonds.

How are binary compounds named?

A three-step procedure

What is the purpose of using Greek prefixes in naming covalent compounds?

Indicates the number of each element present.

What is a mole?

A unit used to relate mass in grams to the number of atoms.

If you have one mole of any element, how does it related to the element's atomic mass?

It is numerically equal to the atomic mass of that element in grams.

What is Avogadro's number?

6.022 x 10^23 atoms

What is Avogadro's number used for?

Conversion factor

What is the formula weight of a compound?

The sum of the atomic masses.

What does VSEPR stand for?

Valence-shell electron-pair repulsion model.

What is the ability of an atom to attract bonding electrons in a covalent bond?

Electronegativity

Unequal sharing of electrons

Polar Covalent Bond