Grade 10 Biology: 2nd quarter exam

The branch of biology dealing with the classification of organisms into groups is called

taxonomy

The number of kingdoms in the current classification system

changes based on interpretation

The proper order for classification levels is

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

All of the kingdoms are eukaryotic except for

Kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, which are both prokaryotic

An additional classification level that groups organisms into three categories based on RNA similarities and includes various kingdoms in the categories is called a

domain

As a general rule, organisms which are similar in structure and which can mate and produce fertile offspring are known as

being the same species

For organisms to move from one area to another

migration or to migrate

Placing animals within species based solely on their ability to sexually reproduce is a [legitimate/illegitimate] method of classification

illegitimate

the terms species and biblical kind [do/do not] refer to the same classification of organisms

do not

Diagrams representing the supposed evolutionary relationships between organisms

phylogenetic trees

a new method of evolutionary classification

biochemical similarities

The study on the classification of organisms based on its biblical kind

baraminology

Do the vast majority of bacteria known to man cause disease?

no

Characteristics of Archaebacteria

1. all members are prokaryotes

2. some members have some genetic similarities to eukaryotes

3. many members live in extreme environments

Characteristics of Eubacteria:

1. all members are prokaryotic - no true nucleus

2. all members have a cell membrane

3. most members have a cell wall

A major cellular organelle absent in bacteria

the mitochondria

the diplococcus bacteria is

a colony of spherical bacteria

The term for a bacterium that lives on dead organic material

saprophytic

The condition for cell growth required for all bacteria

adequate moisture

When in unfavorable conditions, certain bacteria form this non-reproductive structure for safety

endospore

The methods by which bacteria are able to obtain new genetic information

1. conjugation

2. transformation

Term for bacteria that can grow both with and without oxygen

facultative anaerobic bacteria

Basic structures of viruses

1. capsid

2. core

Viruses will contain either of these two as part of their nucleic acid core, but never both

• RNA

• DNA

A method of viral replication that causes the lysis of the host cell

lytic cycle

Viroids can be differentiated from viruses by

their lack of capsids

A kind of virus that results in the host cell creating and releasing viral particles without lysis

persistent infection virus

A type of vaccine made from a virus that retains the ability to replicate within a host cell

attenuated vaccine

A type of protein produced in the body that helps inhibit viral replication

interferons

Emerging viruses are found where?

often in isolated areas

[natural] Emerging viruses are created how?

by migrating from one host species onto another and causing a disease in the migrated host species

Most viruses are [highly specific/extremely general] as to what organism and cell type they will infect

highly specific

The vaccine type that often causes a stronger immune response

attenuated vaccines

Who developed a scientific method to determine the cause of diseases?

Robert Koch

The term for the time between the moment of infection and the moment one shows physical symptoms of a disease

incubation period

Term for a toxin that remains in the pathogen as part of its structure

endotoxin

Ways a disease is spread:

• vectors

• airborne droplets

• immune carriers

What is the story of typhoid Mary [aka Mary Mellon]?

typhoid Mary was an immune carrier and patient zero for a local outbreak of typhoid in her area

The structural defenses against disease:

• intact skin

• cilia on mucous membranes

• tear ducts

A common non-specific defense against disease

inflammation

A type of antibiotic most effective at killing the pathogen

bactericidal antibiotic

This person discovered penicillin in 1929

sir Alexander Flemming

A fever [is/is not] a direct indication of infection

is not

Term for an affliction not caused by a pathogen

syndrome

An abnormally growing cell that remains localized is called

a benign tumor

Term for when a cancer cell separates from its parent tumor and migrates to another part of the body

metastasis

Can viruses be linked to cancers?

yes

Term for chemicals that cause cancer

carcinogen

Early microscopists often classified the protozoans in what kingdom?

kingdom Animalia

Most protozoans are what kind of organisms?

unicellular organisms

Term for eye-like, pigment-concentrated areas in protozoans

eyespots

Protective structure that protozoans form when met with harsh environmental conditions

cyst

Term for how protozoans consume their own food

heterotrophism

Most protozoans are classified into phyla based on

means of locomotion

Sarcodines move by means of

pseudopodia

The term for a unicellular response to stimulus

taxis

A term for a unicellular organism’s structure that functions as a thickened outer-cell covering

pellicle

The adult forms of members of the phylum Sporozoa [lack/have] structures for locomotion

lack

Characteristics of amoebas:

• reproduce by binary fission

• move via pseudopodia

• form temporary food vacuoles

Flagella are characteristic features of members belonging to what phylum group?

phylum Zoomastigina

The unicellular organism paramecia reproduces via the means of

conjugation

Many algae [can/cannot] reproduce both sexually and asexually

can

Different phytoplankton functions:

• food source for Zooplankton

• producer of oxygen via photosynthesis

• food source for other large organisms

For many algae, sexual reproduction occurs when?

in unfavorable conditions, to ensure the survival of the colony

Basic forms of sexual reproduction of algae:

• conjugation

• heterogamete production

• isogamete production

During algal reproduction, what structure is designed to withstand prolonged periods of harsh environmental conditions?

the zygospore

Characteristics used for algal classification:

• types of pigments present in algae

• form of thallus

• an algae’s method of food storage

Characteristics of Euglena:

• eukaryotes

• have flagella for locomotion

• are both photosynthetic and saprophytic

In what internal structure do algae store their starch?

the pyrenoid

Red algae contain this kind of accessory pigment

phycobilin

Brown algae, despite looking like plants, are not true members of the plant kingdom because

the lack true tissue differentiation

Term for the study of fungi

mycology

What is the fungus responsible for causing the disease, St. Anthony’s fire?

ergot of rye

Most important beneficial function of fungi

they are decomposer organisms

Fungi [can/cannot] cause life-threatening diseases

can

A term for the symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots

Mycorrhizae

Why are fungi not plants?

• they are heterotrophic

• they lack tissues

Most fungi do [external/internal] digestion

external

Term for a kind of hyphae that is embedded on the material on which the fungus is growing

rhizoid

Methods of asexual reproduction in fungi:

• budding

• spore formation

• fragmentation

Term for sporophores that develop without an enclosure

conidiophores

Fungi are grouped in phyla based on

their methods of sexual reproduction

A fungus would be excluded from phylum Basidiomycota if

it produces ascospores

Official name of the common black bread mold

Rhizopus

Most yeasts are placed in what phylum?

phylum Ascomycota

Characteristics of lichens:

• symbiotic

• reproduces via soredia

• consists of a fungus and protozoan

• are good indicators of air quality

What are imperfect fungi?

fungi in which their methods of sexual reproduction are unknown; they are also not classified within the three fungi phyla for this matter

term for the study of plants

botany

Characteristics of plants:

• are multicellular

• they have tissues

• their cell walls contain cellulose

• have methods of sexual reproduction

Plants are divided into three phyla based on

the presence or absence of vascular tissues and seeds

Phylum Bryophyta contain what plants?

mosses and ferns

The reason why mosses have limited size

They lack vascular tissues to make water travel upwards longer distances; they rely on capillary action for transportation of nutrients and in sexual reproduction

In a bryophyte’s life cycle, what is the stage that produces spores?

sporophyte stage

In a bryophyte’s life cycle, what is the stage that utilizes leafy shoots?

gametophyte stage

In a bryophyte’s life cycle, the sporophite stage produces what kind of reproductive cells?

diploid cell

Ferns have what kind of tissues for transportation?

vascular tissues

Name for nonparasitic plants that grow on other plants

epiphytes

Ferns [do/do not] have true roots

do not

Term for groups of spore-producing sporangia on ferns

sori

Where are sporangium found on ferns?

on the underside of leaves