Chapter 9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals

Flashcards covering hybridization, sigma and pi bonds, and electron-pair geometry.

Hybridization

The process of mixing atomic orbitals to create new hybrid orbitals.

sp3 hybrid orbitals

Hybrid orbitals made by mixing one s and three p atomic orbitals, resulting in a tetrahedral arrangement.

sp2 hybrid orbitals

Hybrid orbitals formed from one 2s and two 2p orbitals, giving a trigonal planar arrangement.

Sigma (σ) bond

A covalent bond formed by the end-on overlap of atomic orbitals, such as sp2-sp2 hybrid orbital mixing.

Pi (π) bond

A covalent bond formed by the side-by-side overlap of p orbitals, for example, 2p-2p orbital mixing.

sp hybrid orbitals

Hybrid orbitals resulting from the combination of one s and one p orbital.

dsp3 (sp3d) hybridization

Hybridization involving one d, one s, and three p orbitals, leading to a trigonal bipyramidal arrangement.

d2sp3 (sp3d2) hybridization

Hybridization involving two d, one s, and three p orbitals, leading to an octahedral arrangement.

Linear electron-pair geometry

sp hybridization

Trigonal planar electron-pair geometry

sp2 hybridization

Tetrahedral electron-pair geometry

sp3 hybridization

Trigonal bipyramidal electron-pair geometry

dsp3 (sp3d) hybridization

Octahedral electron-pair geometry

d2sp3 (sp3d2) hybridization