Revolutions

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Oue-vRV31rcDj71_ZKq_tAw4KrEnw6f_tIuST8BEpBs/edit?usp=sharing

Absolute Monarchy

a system of government where a monarch rules with compete, unregulated power; power is inherited and from God

The Divine Right of Kings

a doctrine saying that kings receive their authority to rule from God and not from their subjects

rebellion is a crime against God

the result of the Divine Right of Kings

Elizabeth I

English; Daughter of King Henry VIII, successfully restores protestant faith to England, never married/no children, Golden Age of England

good

Elizabeth I had a ___ relationship with Parliament

Defeat of Spanish Armada

most notable Elizabeth I event; shift of power from Spain being the strongest European power

Charles I

English; Married a Catholic French Princess; prompts a civil war, disbanded Parliament, not considered a good ruler

bad

Charles I had a ___ relationship with Parliament

Petition of Right

gave Parliament powers and restricted the King; Ignored by Charles I

Louis XIV

French; famous for his extravagance, reigned for 72 years, as a boy experienced the Fronde which traumatized him, built versailles

the Fronde

period of uprisings in France

Palace of Versailles

an extravagant and very expensive palace built by Louis XIV that prompted the French Revolution

Enlightenment

the intellectual movement in the 17th/18th century that focused on rational thinking, natural law, human rights, and improving society

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

the social contract; anti-slavery, all men are created equal, children’s education, debated with Mary Wollstonecraft (sexist)

John Locke

“life, liberty, property”, inspired the Declaration of Independence

Baron de Montesquieu

separation of powers, checks and balances, eliminates ability for total control

Voltaire

separation of church and state(religious freedom), freedom of speech

Mary Wollstonecraft

advocate for gender equality and women’s education

Hobbes

believed people were born evil and needed control; strong monarchy controls natural evil

Adam Smith

founder of Capitalism

Benjamin Franklin

believed in volunteer public service, antislavery, American forefather that played a pivotal role in the American Revolution

Estate

 the different classes in France at the time of the revolution, each representing a particular segment of society

First Estate

clergy, 1% of people, filled with religious leaders and King, owned 10% of land in France

Second Estate

2% of people, rich nobles, owned about 20% of the land

pay taxes

the first and second estate in France did not have to _____

Third Estate

97% of people, three groups of people made up this estate

Bourgeoisie, Workers, Peasants

the three groups that made up the Third estate

Bourgeoisie

Third estate; middle class; bankers, factory owners etc; often well-educated ; paid high taxes and believed strongly in Enlightenment ideas

Workers

poorest group in the Third estate; tradespeople, domestic servants etc; often went hungry, would create mobs

Peasants

largest group in the third estate: 80% of people, paid half their wages to Church, King, and nobles

economic troubles in France

heavy taxes, high cost of living, bad weather affecting crops and grain

Louis XVI

French king during FR; wasted a bunch of money, didn’t pay much attention to issues going on, started taxing nobles, eventually executed

Marie Antoinette

French queen during FR; lived a lavish lifestyle with buying dresses and jewels; hated by the French for being Austrian, eventually executed

Estates General

an assembly of representatives from all three estates to address the issue of tax

National Assembly

what the third estate formed when it broke away from the Estates General

first and second estates overpowered the third estate

Why the Estates General assemblies were unfair

The Storming of the Bastille

when people gained control of a prison in Paris and beat guards to death, parading around town with their heads on sticks; officially started the French Revolution

rumors of Louis using military force on the National Assembly

Why was the Bastille stormed?

Declaration of the Rights of Man

the National Assembly’s statement of revolutionary ideals; included things about liberty and equality.

Reign of Terror

a period in the French Revolution when the radical wing of the National Convention took power and formed the Committee of Public Safety

Committee of Public Safety

Committee meant to prosecute people for crimes against the government

Robespierre

Leader of the Committee of Public Safety; removed Sundays from Calendar; used guillotine on many French people (including King Louis and Marie Antoinette); rules France virtually as a dictator, gets executed, ending the Reign of Terror

The Directory

new government formed by the National Convention that put power to the Upper Middle Class and called for a two-house legislature of an executive body of 5 men

Napoleon

A French general , political leader, and emperor that wanted to take over Europe and contributed to the revolutions

Dissolves Directory, gives church power back, crowns himself emperor

What Napoleon does in France

Napoleonic code

a set of laws made in France that limited liberty and promoted authority (ex. no freedom of speech)

King George III

British king during the American revolution; taxes colonies; is addressed in the Declaration of Independence

taxing

The Initial act that the colonies see as a threat from Britain

Sons of Liberty

A secret organization formed in response to British taxation; Fought and debated

The Boston Massacre

British soldiers in Boston shot in a crowd of colonists; Killed 5 and injured others; Caused more resentment from colonists

The Boston Tea Party

In response to the Tea Act, organized by the Sons of Liberty; shipments of tea thrown into Boston harbor

Thomas Paine

author of Common Sense, philosopher, argued passionately for independence, significantly swayed public opinion in favor for the colonists

George Washington

commander in chief of Continental Army; lieutenant in French and Indian war; commanding general during Valley forge

Thomas Jefferson

who wrote the Declaration of Independence?

The Declaration of Independence

an important document that declared the 13 colonies as independent from British rule

Revolutionary war

military conflict between the British and colonial forces during the American Independence movement

St. Domingue

what Haiti was called as a French colony

Grand Blancs

First on the Haitian Hierarchy, rich whites

Petit Blancs

Second on the Haitian Hierarchy, poor whites

Free People of Color

Third on the Haitian Hierarchy; many mixed-race

Slaves

Last on the Haitian Hierarchy; 80% of the population

greater control of colony and free trade

goal of Grand Blancs

equality of citizenship for all whites

goal of Petit blancs

equality of citizenship with whites

goal of Free People of Color in Haitian revolution

personal freedom and the end of slavery

goal of Slaves in Haitian revolution

Voudou

a syncretic religion combining aspects of African spirituality and Catholicism that provided enslaved people a reason to preserve their cultural identity

slave revolt

the event that started the Haitian revolution; only successful one in history

Toussaint Louverture

Former slave; Leader of the Haitian revolution; Was an example for abolitionists around the world

French authority

Napoleon captured and imprisoned Louverture because he feared the challenges the revolution brought to..

Dessalines

Haiti’s first ever head of state; continued fight after Louverture was captured, Announced that all citizens are equal no matter what color or status; declared Haiti as independent

Peninsulares

first on Mexican hierarchy, Spanish people born in Spain; essentially the white people.

Criollos

second on Mexican hierarchy; Spanish people born in the colonies; eventually referred to themselves as mexicanos

Mestizos

third on the Mexican hierarchy; people mixed with Spanish and Native blood, majority of the population

Natives

Fourth on the Mexican hierarchy; Heavily looked down on by the Spaniards, considered lazy and untrustworthy. They were used for labor.

Africans

last on the Mexican hierarchy; used as slaves; very strict regulations

Napoleon’s indirect effect on New Spain

Napoleon invaded Spain and messed with the monarchy which led to a crisis in Spain; councils were set up in Mexico which led to citizens debating and pushing for independence

Simon Bolivar

a Venezuelan Latin American revolutionary leader that inspired the Mexicans; gained independence for Venezuela, Panama, Ecuador, Columbia, Peru, and Bolivia. 

Grito of Dolores

a speech given by Hidalgo when he rang the church bells to push for independence and started uprisings

Father Miguel Hidalgo

Criollo priest and father of the Independence movement that gave the Grito of Dolores speech; was captured, trialed, and executed

Agustin de Iturbide

Independence leader that initially fought for Spain and then ended up fighting for Mexico; led Mexico to independence; Led as emperor to Independent Mexico but was removed

Mexican Republic

established after Iturbide’s removement

National Convention

a formal parliament established in 1792 after the abolishment of the monarchy and creation of a republic

Mulatto

a person born in Latin America to parents of African and Native descent

King James VI

Came into power after Elizabeth because she had no kids. He was from the House of Stuart

high tarrifs and established colonies

positives of Louis XIV

extravagant spending

negatives of Louis XIV

Edict of Nantes

evoked by Louis XIV which removed freedom of religion