Exam Plant Life

Xylem

thick walled, stained red, the vascular tissue that transports water

Phloem

thin walled, stained blue, the vascular tissue that transports sugars

Vascular Cambium

a meristem that produces secondary xylem and phloem leading to a production of secondary growth

Monophyletic

all descendants of their most recent common ancestor

Paraphyletic

some but not all descendants of their most recent common ancestor with respect to those not included

Phyte

plant/plantlike

Sporo

spore producing

Viridophytes

have chlorophylls A and B

Rhizoid

root like structures in Bryophytes

Sporopollenin

the compound that encases spores and pollen in plants

Stomata

openings in leaves of tracheophytes that are surrounded by guard cells, they allow CO2 in and water out.

Antheridium

male structure located on the gametophyte that produces sperm cells

Archegonium

female structure located on the gametophyte that produces egg cells

Gemma

the clones of a parent bryophyte used for asexual reproduction

Bryophyta

true mosses, has the most species in their phylum

Gametophyte stage

the dominant part of the bryophyte’s life cycle

Mitosis

cell division type used to produce gametes in sporic meiosis

Water

bryophytes and pteridophytes require this to produce sexually or asexually

Tracheophyta

vascular plants

Embryophyta

vascular and non vascular plants

Anthocerophyta

hornworts

Bryophytes

non-vascular plants

Hepatophyta

liverworts

Megaspores

are produced by meiosis and develop into a gametophyte that produces egg cells

Sporangia

a structure where spores are produced

Equisatales

the phylum of seedless vascular plants with the least amount of species

Indusium

umbrella-like covering of sporangium/sorus

Cohesion

the tendency of water molecules to adhere to one another

Adhesion

the tendency of water molecules to adhere to a given substrate

Evapotranspiration

the process by which plants procure water from the environment

Euphyllophytes and Lycophytes

the two groups of tracheophytes

Strobilus

an aggregate of sporangia

Megaphyll

a leaf with multiple veins

Sorus

a cluster of sporangia found on the underside of leaves

Microphyll

a leaf with a single vein

Megasporophyll

a leaf that subtends a female sporangium (megasporangium)

Microsporophyll

a leaf that subtends a male sporangium (microsporangium)

Megagametophyte

female gametophyte

Microgametophyte

male gametophyte

Microspores

male spores

Megaspores

female spores

Pteridophyta

the phylum of seedless vascular plants with the most species

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Coniferophyta

a phylum of gymnosperms that includes pines and their relatives, \~630 spp

Gnetophyta

a phylum of gymnosperms that includes Welwitschia mirabilis, a desert plant that produces only two leaves, \~70 spp

Cycadophyta

a phylum of gymnosperms that have flagellated sperm cells, \~140 spp

Gingkophyta

a phylum of gymnosperms that includes only one extant species, the members of which are dioecious and deciduous

Angiosperms and Gymnosperms

paraphyletic relationship

Seed

a structure that contains the mature embryo of a spermatophyte

Pollen

the microgametophyte of a spermatophyte

Ovule

the megagametophyte of a spermatophyte

Spermatophyte

a vascular plant that produces seeds and pollen

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Brassicaceae Proper Family Name

Cruciferae

Lamiaceae Proper Family Name

Labiateae

Fabaceae Proper Family Name

Leguminosae

Poaceae Proper Family Name

Graminae

Asteraceae Proper Family Name

Compositae

Sepals

protect the flower in the bud

Petals

serve as advertisement for pollinators

Stamen

comprised of the anther and filament (male reproductive parts)

Carpel

comprised of the stigma, style, and ovary (female reproductive parts)

Asteraceae

largest Angiosperm family

Orchidaceae

second largest Angiosperm family

Fabaceae

third largest Angiosperm family

Rubiaceae

fourh largest Angiosperm family

Poaceae

smallest Angiosperm family

Endosperm

the result of double fertilization, which serves as the nutrient source for the embryo of the Angiosperm

Polar Nuclei

a part of the megagametophyte that fuses with a sperm cell to create the endosperm

Triploid

a cell that contains 3 copies of each of its chromosomes

Monocots

a group of Angiosperms that includes the grasses and their relatives

Eudicots

a group of Angiosperms that includes the Rosids and Asterids and their relatives

Biotic

living (animal pollinators)

Abiotic

non-living (wind and water acting as pollinators)

______ derives from Rosids

pumpkin and chocolate

______ derives from Monocots

wheat, rice, and corn

______ derives from Asterids

potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, and coffee

______ derives from Basal Angiosperms

black pepper

Crustose Lichen

a lichen that appears as a flat, 2 dimensional coloring on the substrate its growing upon

Foliose Lichen

a lichen that appears leafy, closely oppressed to the substrate it’s growing upon

Fruiticose

a lichen species that appears as a bushy, clearly 3 dimensional entity. ex: reindeer moss, or old man’s beard

Phycobiont

the algal partner in a lichen

Mycobiont

the fungal partner in a lichen

Mycorrhiza

fungi and plant symbiotic relationship

Lichen

fungi and algae symbiotic relationship

Chytridiomycota

a phylum of fungi that’s primarily aquatic flagellated zoospores; responsible for recent declines in amphibian species

Zygomycota

a phylum of fungi exemplified by bread mold

Ascomycota

a phylum of fungi that includes truffles, morels, and chestnut blights

Basidiomycota

a phylum of fungi that includes mushrooms, rusts, smuts, and puffballs

Phototropism

auxin accumulates on the shady side of the plant stimulating cell elongation and bending the stem towards the light

Gravitropism

gravity detection by plant’s cells relies on the accumulation of amyloplasts at the bottom of cells of the shoot tip and the root cap

Thigmotropism

a stimulus leads to ion accumulation followed by osmosis resulting in deferentially turgid cells

Photoperidotropism

the ability of plants to detect and respond to changes in light intensity and duration, measuring red light

Extinct

taxa that no longer exist

Extant

taxa that exist today