Studied by 12 people
Xylem
thick walled, stained red, the vascular tissue that transports water
Phloem
thin walled, stained blue, the vascular tissue that transports sugars
Vascular Cambium
a meristem that produces secondary xylem and phloem leading to a production of secondary growth
Monophyletic
all descendants of their most recent common ancestor
Paraphyletic
some but not all descendants of their most recent common ancestor with respect to those not included
Phyte
plant/plantlike
Sporo
spore producing
Viridophytes
have chlorophylls A and B
Rhizoid
root like structures in Bryophytes
Sporopollenin
the compound that encases spores and pollen in plants
Stomata
openings in leaves of tracheophytes that are surrounded by guard cells, they allow CO2 in and water out.
Antheridium
male structure located on the gametophyte that produces sperm cells
Archegonium
female structure located on the gametophyte that produces egg cells
Gemma
the clones of a parent bryophyte used for asexual reproduction
Bryophyta
true mosses, has the most species in their phylum
Gametophyte stage
the dominant part of the bryophyte’s life cycle
Mitosis
cell division type used to produce gametes in sporic meiosis
Water
bryophytes and pteridophytes require this to produce sexually or asexually
Tracheophyta
vascular plants
Embryophyta
vascular and non vascular plants
Anthocerophyta
hornworts
Bryophytes
non-vascular plants
Hepatophyta
liverworts
Megaspores
are produced by meiosis and develop into a gametophyte that produces egg cells
Sporangia
a structure where spores are produced
Equisatales
the phylum of seedless vascular plants with the least amount of species
Indusium
umbrella-like covering of sporangium/sorus
Cohesion
the tendency of water molecules to adhere to one another
Adhesion
the tendency of water molecules to adhere to a given substrate
Evapotranspiration
the process by which plants procure water from the environment
Euphyllophytes and Lycophytes
the two groups of tracheophytes
Strobilus
an aggregate of sporangia
Megaphyll
a leaf with multiple veins
Sorus
a cluster of sporangia found on the underside of leaves
Microphyll
a leaf with a single vein
Megasporophyll
a leaf that subtends a female sporangium (megasporangium)
Microsporophyll
a leaf that subtends a male sporangium (microsporangium)
Megagametophyte
female gametophyte
Microgametophyte
male gametophyte
Microspores
male spores
Megaspores
female spores
Pteridophyta
the phylum of seedless vascular plants with the most species
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Coniferophyta
a phylum of gymnosperms that includes pines and their relatives, ~630 spp
Gnetophyta
a phylum of gymnosperms that includes Welwitschia mirabilis, a desert plant that produces only two leaves, ~70 spp
Cycadophyta
a phylum of gymnosperms that have flagellated sperm cells, ~140 spp
Gingkophyta
a phylum of gymnosperms that includes only one extant species, the members of which are dioecious and deciduous
Angiosperms and Gymnosperms
paraphyletic relationship
Seed
a structure that contains the mature embryo of a spermatophyte
Pollen
the microgametophyte of a spermatophyte
Ovule
the megagametophyte of a spermatophyte
Spermatophyte
a vascular plant that produces seeds and pollen
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Brassicaceae Proper Family Name
Cruciferae
Lamiaceae Proper Family Name
Labiateae
Fabaceae Proper Family Name
Leguminosae
Poaceae Proper Family Name
Graminae
Asteraceae Proper Family Name
Compositae
Sepals
protect the flower in the bud
Petals
serve as advertisement for pollinators
Stamen
comprised of the anther and filament (male reproductive parts)
Carpel
comprised of the stigma, style, and ovary (female reproductive parts)
Asteraceae
largest Angiosperm family
Orchidaceae
second largest Angiosperm family
Fabaceae
third largest Angiosperm family
Rubiaceae
fourh largest Angiosperm family
Poaceae
smallest Angiosperm family
Endosperm
the result of double fertilization, which serves as the nutrient source for the embryo of the Angiosperm
Polar Nuclei
a part of the megagametophyte that fuses with a sperm cell to create the endosperm
Triploid
a cell that contains 3 copies of each of its chromosomes
Monocots
a group of Angiosperms that includes the grasses and their relatives
Eudicots
a group of Angiosperms that includes the Rosids and Asterids and their relatives
Biotic
living (animal pollinators)
Abiotic
non-living (wind and water acting as pollinators)
______ derives from Rosids
pumpkin and chocolate
______ derives from Monocots
wheat, rice, and corn
______ derives from Asterids
potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, and coffee
______ derives from Basal Angiosperms
black pepper
Crustose Lichen
a lichen that appears as a flat, 2 dimensional coloring on the substrate its growing upon
Foliose Lichen
a lichen that appears leafy, closely oppressed to the substrate it’s growing upon
Fruiticose
a lichen species that appears as a bushy, clearly 3 dimensional entity. ex: reindeer moss, or old man’s beard
Phycobiont
the algal partner in a lichen
Mycobiont
the fungal partner in a lichen
Mycorrhiza
fungi and plant symbiotic relationship
Lichen
fungi and algae symbiotic relationship
Chytridiomycota
a phylum of fungi that’s primarily aquatic flagellated zoospores; responsible for recent declines in amphibian species
Zygomycota
a phylum of fungi exemplified by bread mold
Ascomycota
a phylum of fungi that includes truffles, morels, and chestnut blights
Basidiomycota
a phylum of fungi that includes mushrooms, rusts, smuts, and puffballs
Phototropism
auxin accumulates on the shady side of the plant stimulating cell elongation and bending the stem towards the light
Gravitropism
gravity detection by plant’s cells relies on the accumulation of amyloplasts at the bottom of cells of the shoot tip and the root cap
Thigmotropism
a stimulus leads to ion accumulation followed by osmosis resulting in deferentially turgid cells
Photoperidotropism
the ability of plants to detect and respond to changes in light intensity and duration, measuring red light
Extinct
taxa that no longer exist
Extant
taxa that exist today
Note
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