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Major minerals
Requirement greater than 100 mg/day
Trace minerals
Requirement less than 100 mg/day
Functions of Minerals
Diverse regulatory and structural functions
Many act with enzymes as cofactor
Participate in reactions because they are ions
Nerve and muscle functions
Magnesium
Potassium
Calcium
Sodium
Energy Metabolism
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Iron
Acid- Base balance
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Potassium
Calcium
Fluid Balance
Sodium
Chloride
Potassium
Bone Structure and health
Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Components of body proteins
Sulfur
Major Minerals > 100 mg/day
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Trace Minerals < 100 mg/day
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Iodine
Selenium
Molybdenum
Manganese
Fluoride
Chromium
Mineral Absorption and Bioavailability
Factors affecting bioavailability
Deficiency in a mineral
Increased need for a mineral
Binders
Phytates
Oxylates
Polyphenols
Minerals
Minerals in Food
Tap water
Hard water contains calcium and magnesium
Soft water contains sodium
Plants
Reflect mineral content of the soil
Animal foods
Processed and refined foods
Whole, unprocessed foods
Calcium and Phosphorus
are the main components of the skeleton
The Skeleton
is not insert , but it is an active organ made up of tissue and cells in a continual state of activity.
Magnesium contributes
to the strength and firmness of bones and makes teeth harder. Is essential for abasorption and metabolsim of calcium
Crystals
Of Bone mineral are deposited on a matrix of protein , which is comprised primarily of collagen.
Most abundant mineral in the body
Calcium . 99% found in bones . Makes up 1.5 to 2% of total body weight.
Calcium ( Ca ): Functions
Strengthening bone and teeth
Blood clotting
Hormone secretion
Muscle contraction
Nerve transmission
Calcium Homeostasis
When calcium levels fall
The parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone (PTH)
PTH stimulates production of active vitamin D
Increases calcium absorption in the intestine
PTH and activated vitamin D mobilize calcium from the bone and decrease calcium excretion from the kidneys
Dietary Sources of Calcium
1000 milligrams per day for men and women age 19 to 50 years
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is set at 2500 milligrams
Calcium Deficiency
Bones becomes fragile and increases the risk of bone breakage.
Calcium Toxicity
Upper tolerable intake level (UL) = 2500 mg
Interference with iron absorption
Constipation
Hypercalcemia
Magnesium (Mg): FUnction
Cofactor in more than 300 chemical reactions
50% to 60% is found in bones
Play a role in the transport of ions across cell membranes for muscle contraction, nerve impulse conduction, and maintaining heart rhythm
Involved in extracting energy from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
Has a role in protein production
Necessary in activating vitamin D
Bone health
Dietary Sources of Magnesium
Magnesium Deficiency
Kidneys will excrete less and body will absorb more
Osteoporosis
high blood pressure and heart disease. diabetes. Kidney
Magnesium Toxicity
RARE FROM DIET
TOXICITY FROM SUPPLEMENT MISUSE DOES OCCUR
Phosphorus (P)
Found in every cell of the body
Function
Component of bone and cartilage, phospholipids, DNA, and RNA
Involved in energy metabolism
Regulates many enzymes
Helps maintain acid–base balance
Phosphorus Deficiency/Excess
Deficiency is rare
This mineral is readily found in protein-rich foods and food additives
Overconsumption
Increased levels are associated with cardiovascular disease, particularly in people with kidney disease
Sulfur (S)
Component of protein
Present in cysteine and methionine
Deficiency is unknown
Toxicity is rare
Excess is excreted in the urine
Maintaining Fluid Balance in the Body
Electrolytes: minerals in your blood and other body fluids that carry an electric charge.
Maintain fluid balance
Transmit nerve impulses
Muscle contraction
Transport nutrients
Sodium (Na) : Functions
Major __________ charged ion in extracellular fluids
Regulating fluid balance
Regulating blood pressure
Transmitting nerve impulses
Contracting muscles
Helping nutrient transport
Sodium Consumption
AI = 1500 mg/day
Food sources: table salt and processed foods
UL for adults = 2300 mg/day
Overconsumption can cause hypertension
Normal blood pressure reading between 135 and 145 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L)
Finding Salt in Foods
5% DV ( 120 mg ) or less of sodium per serving is Low
20%DV (480 mg ) or more of Sodium per serving is HIGH
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet
Potassium (K)
Primary electrolyte within cells
Functions
Regulates fluid balance
Acts as a cofactor for certain enzymes
Helps nutrient transport
Helps maintain electrical activity of the heart
May counter the effects of excess sodium on blood pressure
May be lost in the urine when taking diuretics
Dietary Sources of Potassium
Potassium Deficiency
Mild forms :
Increase risk of hypertension, stroke, and heart attacks
Severe depletion causes hypokalemia
Usually from excessive fluid loss through vomiting, diarrhea, use of diuretics, or kidney disorders
Fatigue
Muscle weakness
Abnormal heart rhythms
Increased calcium excretion
Reduced insulin production
Potassium Toxicity
Symptoms
Low heart rate
Abnormal heart rhythm
Supplementation should be prescribed and monitored by a health care provider
Chloride (Cl)
Half of the mineral composition of table salt (NaCl)
Found primarily in extracellular fluids
Involved in fluid balance
Half of hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Abundant in the diet with sodium
Overconsumption increases blood pressure
Water (H2O)
Functions
Regulates body temperature
Transports nutrients and oxygen
Lubricates joints
Present in mucus and saliva
Cushions tissues
Acts as a solvent
Removes waste
Water Balance in the Body
Two-thirds of water is intracellular
One-third of water is extracellular
Water moves by osmosis based on the concentration of solutes
Osmosis equalizes the concentration of solutes inside and outside cells
Water Intake Deficiency
Dehydration
Nausea
Dizziness
Elevated temperature
Water Intake
Excess water consumption without electrolytes : Low electrolyte levels in the body can cause muscle spasms and cramping
Confusion
Nausea
Vomiting
Bloating
Swelling around the brain