Chapter 9 Final Exam

• Major minerals

• Major minerals

Requirement greater than 100 mg/day

Trace minerals

Requirement less than 100 mg/day

Functions of Minerals

• Diverse regulatory and structural functions

  • Many act with enzymes as cofactor

• Participate in reactions because they are ions

Nerve and muscle functions

Magnesium

Potassium

Calcium

Sodium

Energy Metabolism

Phosphorus

Magnesium

Iron

Acid- Base balance

Phosphorus

Magnesium

Potassium

Calcium

Fluid Balance

Sodium

Chloride

Potassium

Bone Structure and health

Calcium

Magnesium

Phosphorus

Components of body proteins

Sulfur

Major Minerals > 100 mg/day

• Sodium

• Potassium

• Chloride

• Calcium

• Magnesium

• Phosphorus

• Sulfur

Trace Minerals < 100 mg/day

• Iron

• Zinc

• Copper

• Iodine

• Selenium

• Molybdenum

• Manganese

• Fluoride

• Chromium

Mineral Absorption and Bioavailability

• Factors affecting bioavailability

  • Deficiency in a mineral

  • Increased need for a mineral

  • Binders

    • Phytates

    • Oxylates

    • Polyphenols

    • Minerals

Minerals in Food

• Tap water

  • Hard water contains calcium and magnesium

  • Soft water contains sodium

• Plants

  • Reflect mineral content of the soil

• Animal foods

• Processed and refined foods

• Whole, unprocessed foods

Calcium and Phosphorus

are the main components of the skeleton

The Skeleton

is not insert , but it is an active organ made up of tissue and cells in a continual state of activity.

Magnesium contributes

to the strength and firmness of bones and makes teeth harder. Is essential for abasorption and metabolsim of calcium

Crystals

Of Bone mineral are deposited on a matrix of protein , which is comprised primarily of collagen.

Most abundant mineral in the body

Calcium . 99% found in bones . Makes up 1.5 to 2% of total body weight.

Calcium ( Ca ): Functions

• Strengthening bone and teeth

• Blood clotting

• Hormone secretion

• Muscle contraction

• Nerve transmission

Calcium Homeostasis

• When calcium levels fall

  • The parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone (PTH)

  • PTH stimulates production of active vitamin D

    • Increases calcium absorption in the intestine

  • PTH and activated vitamin D mobilize calcium from the bone and decrease calcium excretion from the kidneys

Dietary Sources of Calcium

• 1000 milligrams per day for men and women age 19 to 50 years

• Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is set at 2500 milligrams

Calcium Deficiency

Bones becomes fragile and increases the risk of bone breakage.

Calcium Toxicity

Upper tolerable intake level (UL) = 2500 mg

Interference with iron absorption

Constipation

Hypercalcemia

Magnesium (Mg): FUnction

• Cofactor in more than 300 chemical reactions

• 50% to 60% is found in bones

• Play a role in the transport of ions across cell membranes for muscle contraction, nerve impulse conduction, and maintaining heart rhythm

• Involved in extracting energy from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

• Has a role in protein production

• Necessary in activating vitamin D

• Bone health

Dietary Sources of Magnesium

Magnesium Deficiency

• Kidneys will excrete less and body will absorb more

• Osteoporosis

• high blood pressure and heart disease. diabetes. Kidney
  

Magnesium Toxicity

RARE FROM DIET

TOXICITY FROM SUPPLEMENT MISUSE DOES OCCUR

Phosphorus (P)

• Found in every cell of the body

• Function

  • Component of bone and cartilage, phospholipids, DNA, and RNA

  • Involved in energy metabolism

  • Regulates many enzymes 

  • Helps maintain acid–base balance

Phosphorus Deficiency/Excess

• Deficiency is rare

  • This mineral is readily found in protein-rich foods and food additives

• Overconsumption

  • Increased levels are associated with cardiovascular disease, particularly in people with kidney disease

Sulfur (S)

Component of protein

• Present in cysteine and methionine

• Deficiency is unknown

• Toxicity is rare

  • Excess is excreted in the urine

Maintaining Fluid Balance in the Body

• Electrolytes: minerals in your blood and other body fluids that carry an electric charge.

• Maintain fluid balance

• Transmit nerve impulses

• Muscle contraction

• Transport nutrients

Sodium (Na) : Functions

Major __________ charged ion in extracellular fluids

• Regulating fluid balance

• Regulating blood pressure

• Transmitting nerve impulses

• Contracting muscles

• Helping nutrient transport

Sodium Consumption

• AI = 1500 mg/day

• Food sources: table salt and processed foods

• UL for adults = 2300 mg/day

• Overconsumption can cause hypertension

  • Normal blood pressure reading between 135 and 145 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L)

Finding Salt in Foods

• 5% DV ( 120 mg ) or less of sodium per serving is Low

• 20%DV (480 mg ) or more of Sodium per serving is HIGH

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet

Potassium (K)

• Primary electrolyte within cells

• Functions

  • Regulates fluid balance

  • Acts as a cofactor for certain enzymes

  • Helps nutrient transport

  • Helps maintain electrical activity of the heart

• May counter the effects of excess sodium on blood pressure

• May be lost in the urine when taking diuretics

Dietary Sources of Potassium

Potassium Deficiency

Mild forms :

• Increase risk of hypertension, stroke, and heart attacks

Severe depletion causes hypokalemia

• Usually from excessive fluid loss through vomiting, diarrhea, use of diuretics, or kidney disorders

• Fatigue

• Muscle weakness

• Abnormal heart rhythms 

• Increased calcium excretion

• Reduced insulin production

Potassium Toxicity

Symptoms

1. Low heart rate

2. Abnormal heart rhythm

3. Supplementation should be prescribed and monitored by a health care provider

Chloride (Cl)

• Half of the mineral composition of table salt (NaCl)

• Found primarily in extracellular fluids

• Involved in fluid balance

• Half of hydrochloric acid (HCl)

• Abundant in the diet with sodium

• Overconsumption increases blood pressure

Water (H₂O)

• Functions

  • Regulates body temperature

  • Transports nutrients and oxygen

  • Lubricates joints

  • Present in mucus and saliva

  • Cushions tissues

  • Acts as a solvent

  • Removes waste

Water Balance in the Body

• Two-thirds of water is intracellular

• One-third of water is extracellular

• Water moves by osmosis based on the concentration of solutes

  • Osmosis equalizes the concentration of solutes inside and outside cells

Water Intake Deficiency

• Dehydration

• Nausea

• Dizziness

• Elevated temperature

Water Intake

Excess water consumption without electrolytes : Low electrolyte levels in the body can cause muscle spasms and cramping

• Confusion

• Nausea

• Vomiting

• Bloating

• Swelling around the brain