EXAM 3 MUST REVIEW

Peptide hormone

chains of amino acids varying in size from 3→large

amine hormones

modified amino acids

steroid hormones

synthesized from cholesterol

• lipid soluble: diffuses through cell membranes to bind intracellularly

• converted enzymes

• receptor amount influences tissue interactions

HPA

“stress”/adrenaline axis

• engages sympathetic nervous system by engaging HPA

• slower/prolonged

  • mobilizes energy for immediate response

primary follicles

cuboidal “granulosa” and glycoprotein form around oocyte with layerss

secondary follicles

antrum opens, fills with fluid, outer layer differentiates into theca cells

oscillators

central pattern generator that behaves in a cyclic fashion

• cellular: single neuron

• network: neurons interact in temporal pattern of output

half-center model

one neuron with lower threshold, first fires and inhibits second.

repeats with other neuron

closed loop model

3+ neurons firing and inhibiting each other in a cyclic motion

sarcoplasmic reticulum

specialized endoplasmic reticulum for extra storage/movement of calcium ions

transverse tubules

membrane projections lined with calcium ion channels: depolarize with action potential

why are muscle fibers cylindrcal/multinucleated?

formed through myoblast cell fusion: enable efficient communication between nucleus and other muscle fiber partsto optimize contraction and regeneration.

myosin contraction

1) rigor state: myosin head binds to actin baseline

2) ATP binds to the myosin head, and unbinds from actin

3) myosin binds weakly to actin

4) Ca2+ binds complex tightly

5) tight binding trigger P release, swivel of myosin head, pulls actin forward

6) ADP release, myosin head stays bound to actin

tropomyosin

blocks myosin-binding site until Ca2+ is released

fast glycolytic (FG) IIx

rapid cross-bridge cycling, Ca 2+ uptake, contraction

low mitochondria, myoglobin and fatigue resistance

white cells

slow oxidative (SO) I

increases mitochondria, myoglobin, and resistance to fatigue

slow cross-bridge cycling and Ca 2+ uptake

red cells

Fast Oxidative glycolytic (FOG) IIa

rapid cross-bridge cyclin, ca2+ uptake, contraction, mitochondria, myoglobin

intermediated resistance to failure

red cells

addition of heavy chain myosin isoforms

faster ATPase activity and cross-bridge cycling - PGC-1alpha 1 transcription

resistance excercise muscle change

tranciprtion coactivator PGC-1alpha4

PI3K-Akt1 pathway

cells release IGF-1, binds to receptors in muscle cell membrane, activates PI3K and Atk1 proteins

• Atk1 signals protein synthesis and inhibits degradation via indirect gene transcription by phosphorylating other transcription factors

myoglobin

protein in muscles that STORES O2

• more abundant in slow oxidative muscle types

• single unit - gives red color to muscles when abundantand increases aerobic capacity.

O2 equilibrium curves differ?

driven by respiratory pigment molecular forms

height variation is driven by respiratory pigment amount per blood volume

release of glucocorticoids

HPA directly controls

tropic hormone

ACTH is a

enzymatic conversion of cholesterol

steroid hormones are synthesized via

intrafusal fibers

innervated by sensory neurons?

afferent nuerons, efferent neurons

bring info to CNS, _ bring info from CNS

motor responses aren’t processed in the brain

what is true about flexion reflex?

both - relies on CNS pattern, uses peripheral feedback

what is true of unmanipulated locust flight

act as transcription factor

how does PGC-1alpha facilitate cellular changes in response to exercise

IIx

which muscle type fatigues the fastestm

more muscle than average

impaired myostatin?

mitochondria

O2 partial pressure is lowest in?

decrease

higher salinity results in __ gas solubility

B—>A

A = 2.3 conc, 0.1 atm

B = 0.3 conc, 0.21 atm

movement?

hemocyanin

respiratory pigment containing copper?

each cell contains mitochondria

what is false about RBCs?