ANTR 350 Unit 4

define and describe the function of erythrocytes

they are red blood elements not cells because they don’t contain a nucleus or organelles

primary function is gas transport

define and describe the function of leukocytes

white blood cells, second type of formed elements

much larger do not contain hemoglobin and do not transport gasses

primary function is protective and housekeeping functions within the body

define systemic circulation (circuit)

arteries that carry high oxygenated blood away from the heart, towards tissues of the body

veins that bring deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart

define pulmonary circulation (circuit)

arteries that carry low oxygenated blood away from the heart and to the lungs for oxygenation

veins that bring the newly oxygenated blood away from the lungs to the heart

compare and contrast the structure and function of arteries and veins

arteries carry blood away from the heart, branch progressively into smaller arteries, typically contain high oxygen content

veins carry blood towards the heart, smaller veins come together to form larger veins, typically contain low oxygen

Place the following in the correct order that blood would pass through in the general circulatory scheme:

arteries, arterioles, atria, capillaries, veins, ventricles, venules

ventricles, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, atria

define an anastomosis and give examples of arterial anastomoses

Connection between multiple arteries.

Provides additional pathways for oxygenated blood delivery if one pathway becomes damaged or blocked.

Example: Superficial and deep palmar arches are connected by the ulnar and radial arteries.

list the arterial structures tested by the Allen’s Test

Test for adequate anastomosis between the radial and ulnar arteries

define end arteries and give examples of end arteries

Terminal arterial blood supply that is the only oxygenated source.

Examples: Fingers, Toes, Ears, Nose, Branches of coronary arteries.

explain the importance of valves in veins

The venous valves also play an important role by preventing the backward flow of blood. Pressure changes within body cavities during pulmonary ventilation help to draw blood back towards the heart, creating the respiratory pump. During inspiration, the thoracic cavity expands and pressure within it decreases. Simultaneously, pressure inside the abdominopelvic cavity increases as it is compressed. This pressure gradient promotes the flow of blood towards the thoracic cavity, where the heart resides

explain the concepts of the skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump and describe how they aid venous blood flow

This skeletal muscle pump assists venous return through the mechanical activity of neighboring skeletal muscles. During contraction, muscles bulge, thus compressing adjacent veins, and forcing blood back towards the heart

explain varicose veins

These result from failure of the venous valves to function, allowing blood to back-up and pool in the peripheral veins of the legs. This pooling blood dilates and distends the veins and damages the valves.

explain thrombus

a blood clot formed in an undamaged vessel. A thrombus has the potential to obstruct blood flow through small circulatory vessels and is of greatest concern when it occurs in blood vessels supplying the heart, lungs, and brain

explain deep vein thrombosis

the result of thrombus formation in the veins, most commonly in the leg. Risk factors include genetics, sedentary lifestyle, poor circulation, obesity, alcohol consumption, and dehydration.

what body region does the ascending aorta supply

what body region does the aortic arch supply

Brachiocephalic trunk.- blood to upper right side of body

Right subclavian artery. – right upper limb

Right common carotid artery. – right head and neck

Left common carotid artery. – left side of body

Left subclavian artery. – upper left limb

what body region does the brachiocephalic trunk supply

Bronchial arteries – supply lung tissue

Posterior intercostal arteries. – posterior thoracic body wall

what body region does the right subclavian artery supply

what body region does the right common carotid artery supply

what body region does the left common carotid artery supply

what body region does the left subclavian artery supply

what body region does the descending (thoracic) aorta supply

what body region does the posterior intercostal arteries supply

what body region does the inferior vena cava drain

what body region does the right and left subclavian veins drain

what body region does the right and left internal jugular veins drain

what body region does the right and left brachiocephalic veins drain

what body region does the superior vena cava drain

what body region does the azygos vein drain

what body region does the right and left posterior intercostal veins drain

what body region does the hemiazygos vein drain

specify the two major arteries that supply the brain with blood

what body region does the abdominal aorta supply

what body region does the right and left renal arteries supply

what body region does the right and left gonadal arteries supply

what body region does the right and left internal iliac arteries supply

what body region does the external iliac arteries supply

what body region does the celiac trunk supply

what body region does the superior mesenteric artery supply

what body region does the inferior mesenteric artery supply

compare and contrast the hepatic portal and caval venous systems

explain the function of the hepatic portal system

specify the major veins that drain the foregut

specify the major veins that drain the midgut

specify the major veins that drain the hindgut

specify the major veins that drain the kidneys

specify the major veins that drain the pelvis

specify the major veins that drain the gonads (ovaries/testes)

specify the major veins that drain the lower limb

list the path that venous blood from the gastrointestinal organs takes to reach the liver, then the right atrium

categorize renal viens as either hepatic portal system or the caval system

categorize inferior vena cava as either hepatic portal system or the caval system

categorize gonadal veins as either hepatic portal system or the caval system

categorize common iliac veins as either hepatic portal system or the caval system

categorize inferior mesenteric vein as either hepatic portal system or the caval system

categorize superior mesenteric vein as either hepatic portal system or the caval system

categorize splenic vein as either hepatic portal system or the caval system

categorize hepatic portal vein as either hepatic portal system or the caval system

categorize hepatic veins as either hepatic portal system or the caval system

list the arteries in the order blood would pass through as it flows from the left ventricle to the dorsal of the food ending with the dorsalis pedis artery

list the compartment or region supplied by the femoral artery

list the compartment or region supplied by the deep femoral artery

list the compartment or region supplied by the popliteal artery

list the compartment or region supplied by the anterior tibial artery

list the compartment or region supplied by the dorsalis pedis artery

list the compartment or region supplied by the posterior tibial artery

list the compartment or region supplied by the fibular artery

explain the differences between superficial and deep veins

give examples of deep veins that do not accompany arteries

define and list examples of venae comitantes

list the superficial veins found in the lower limb

list the veins in order that blood would travel as it flows to the right atrium from the dorm of the foot (starting with anterior tibial, posterior tibial, and fibular veins)

list the arteries in the order blood would pass through as it flows from the left ventricle to the fingers

describe how this changes if blood goes to the right fingers versus the left fingers

list the compartment or region supplied by the axillary artery

list the compartment or region supplied by the deep brachial artery

list the compartment or region supplied by the radial artery

list the compartment or region supplied by the ulnar artery

list the compartment or region supplied by the digital arteries

list the veins in the order that blood would travel as it flows to the right atrium from the fingers (starting with radial and ulnar veins)

list the superficial veins found in the upper limb

identify the vein in the upper limb commonly used for blood withdrawal

define atherosclerosis

describe the size and location of the heart

categorize the aorta as belonging to systemic circulation or pulmonary circulation

categorize the inferior vena cava as belonging to systemic circulation or pulmonary circulation

categorize the left atrium as belonging to systemic circulation or pulmonary circulation

categorize the left ventricle as belonging to systemic circulation or pulmonary circulation

categorize the pulmonary trunk as belonging to systemic circulation or pulmonary circulation

categorize the pulmonary arteries as belonging to systemic circulation or pulmonary circulation

categorize the pulmonary veins as belonging to systemic circulation or pulmonary circulation

categorize the superior vena cava as belonging to systemic circulation or pulmonary circulation

categorize the right atrium as belonging to systemic circulation or pulmonary circulation

categorize the right ventricle as belonging to systemic circulation or pulmonary circulation

list the layers of the pericardial sac from superficial to deep

describe the function of the fibrous and serous layers of the pericardium

explain pericarditis

explain pericardial effusion

explain cardiac tamponade

list the heart chambers that contribute to the apex of the heart

list the heart chambers that contribute to the base of the heart

specify the vessels that drain into the right atrium and list the regions of the body they drain