Salivary Glands and Tonsils

Salivary Glands can be classified as either what?

major or minor (depending on their size and amount of secretion)

Major Salivary glands carry what?

their secretion some distance to oral cavity

Major Salivary glands carry their secretion some distance to oral cavity by means of what?

main duct

Minor Salivary glands empty products directly into?

mouth

Minor Salivary glands empty products directly into mouth by?

short ducts

Both Major and Minor Salivary Glands are composed of what?

serous glands, mucous glands, or a combo

Functional unit of the salivary gland is what?

alveolus or acinus

Alveolus/acinus of salivary glands is what?

cluster of pyramidal cells

Larger or Smaller glands contain more acini arranged in lobules?

larger glands

Serous cells secrete?

proteins and small amounts of carbohydrates

Serous cells contain what?

zymogen granules or precursors of amylase

Zymogen granules or precursors of amylase (of serous cells) aids in?

breakdown of carbohydrates

Serous cells have what type of consistency?

watery

Mucous cells are high in what?

carbohydrates

Mucous cells are low in what?

proteins

Mucous cells discharge a viscous produce called?

mucin

When mucin mixes with water oral fluids, it becomes what?

mucous

Mucous causes what?

saliva to thicken

In mucoserous glands, mucous cells have what?

a "cap" or a serous demilune

Salivary Glands are what?

merocrine glands

Merocrine secretion

release of a substance from a gland via exocytosis

Apocrine secretion

release of a substance along with the apical portion of the cell

Holocrine secretion

Entire cell disintegrates to release secretion

What are the major salivary glands?

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

Parotid glands are located?

on sides of the face in front of the ears

Submandibular glands are located?

inside the angle of the mandible

Sublingual glands are located?

on either side of the midline beneath mucosa of anterior floor of mouth

Parotid gland secretes what?

serous

Submandibular gland secretes what?

mix of serous and mucous

Sublingual gland secretes what?

mucous

What is the largest major gland?

parotids

What % does the Parotid contribute to saliva?

25%

What major salivary gland is intermediate in size?

submandibular

What % does the Submandibular contribute to saliva?

60%

What major salivary gland is the smallest?

sublingual

What % does the Sublingual contribute to saliva?

10%

Since Major Salivary glands contribute to majority of saliva production, where does the rest of the saliva come from?

minor glands which are scattered throughout the oral cavity

Parotid ducts extend how?

anteriorly across the masseter muscles and bend toward the mouth

Parotid ducts oepn adjacent to what?

crowns of the 2nd maxillary molar teeth

Parotid ducts are also known as?

Stenson's duct

Ducts of submandibular and sublingual glands have a common opening in?

anterior floor of the mouth

Ducts of submandibular and sublingual glands are located at?

sublingual caruncles

Ducts of submandibular and sublingual glands are also called?

Wharton's duct

Ducts of the smallest diameter are in direct contact with?

salivary acini

How do the ducts become larger?

by other acini emptying into a collecting duct

Ducts of the major glands are what?

long (various types of ducts found within the glands)

Duct system consists of?

secretory portion which lies among acinar cells

Acinar cell drains directly into?

intercalated ducts

Intercalated ducts open into?

striated ducts

As ducts enlarge, their walls contain what?

larger and more numerous cells (stratified columnar cells)

Near the orifice, the duct becomes lined with what?

stratified squamous epithelium which is continuous with the oral cavity

Minor salivary glands are classified as?

serous, mucous, or mixed

Glands of the inner cheeks are termed?

buccal glands

Glands of the mucosa of the lips are termed?

labial glands

Both buccal and labial glands are

mixed

Glands of the hard and soft palate are termed?

palatine glands

Glands of the tonsillar folds are termed?

glossopalatine glands

Palatine and Glossopalatine glands are what?

mucous

Glands of the tongue are termed?

lingual glands

Lingual glands are what?

mixed glands at tongue's tip

At the junction of the tongue's body and base are purely what type of galnds?

serous glands of von Ebner

tongue also has mucous glands where?

in the posterior region under the lingual tonsillar tissue

Is saliva rate low or high during sleep?

low

Is saliva rate low or high during stimulation?

high

Secretion of saliva is controlled by?

salivary center in the brain

Salivary center flow in the brain is generated by?

taste (gustatory sensation)

What type of pain can induce secretion?

oral and pharyngeal

Saliva has fewer what than blood?

proteins and ions

What does saliva all contain?

- potassium

- sodium chloride

- calcium

- magnesium

- phosphorus

- carbonate

- urea

- traces of ammonia, uraic acid, glucose and lipids

What is the major salivary gland protein?

amylase

Where is amylase present in?

parotid gland and lesser degree in submandibular gland

Where is amylase NOT present?

sublingual gland or mucoid-predominant minor gland

What are other proteins (other than amylase) that i spresent in salivary glands?

lysozyme and albumin

How many pints of saliva are secreted each day?

3 (1.4 liters)

What is the overall functions of saliva?

- wash the surface of the teeth and reduce acid etching of the enamel surface

- keep oral tissues moist and protect against irritants

- aid in mstication and swallowing of food

- provide antibacterial action

- assist in formation of the pellicle

- provide protection in acid-neutralizing actions

What in saliva increases the enamel surface hardness of newly erupted teeth and assists in enamel remineralization?

presence of calcium and phosphate ions

Why is saliva necessary for taste?

by breaking down food molecules into a solution that is then brought into contact with taste buds

Xerostomia

subjective sensation of a dry mouth

Hyposalivation

objective measurement of poor salivary flow

Xerostomia is frequently associated with what?

salivary gland hypofunction

Xerostomia is a common problem that has been reported in what % of older adults?

25%

Xerostomia typically demonstrates a reduction in what?

salivary secretions

How can the residual saliva of Xerostomia appear?

foamy or thick and "ropey"

How can the mucosa appear from xerostomia?

dry and the clinician may notice that the examining gloves stick to the mucosal surfaces

The dorsal tongue of xerostomia is often?

fissured with atrophy of the filiform papillae

Patient that is affected by Xerostomia may complain of?

difficulty with mastication and swallowing along with food adhering to the oral membranes during eating

Myoepithelial cells originate from?

oral epithelium

Myoepithelial cells remain on the outside of?

secretory end pieces

Myoepithelial cells function as?

muscle cells to contract and squeeze the acinus, facilitating secretion

What salivary gland is most likely to have a tumor?

parotid (most are bengin)

What salivary gland is the SECOND most likely to have a tumor?

within the minor gland, specifically palate is most common site

In the Minor salivary glands, where is the more uncommon sites for salivary gland tumors but are almost all malignant?

lower lip and retromolar pad

What major salivary gland is quite rare (~1%) but are higher percentage of malignant (70-97%)?

sublingual gland

Tonsillar tissue surrounds the oropharynx in a ring called what?

waldeyer ring

Tonsillar tissue in the midline is?

single pharyngeal tonsil or adenoid

Tonsillar tissue adjacent to midline is?

bilateral palatine tonsils

What does tonsillar tissue part of?

lymphatic system that also includes lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and diffuse lymphatic tissue

Each tonsil is composed of?

lymphatic tissue or nodules

With each tonsil having lymphatic tissue, what does this mean they have?

germinal centers which are active sites of lymphocyte formation

What is Pharyngeal tonsillar tissue covered with?

epithelium is respiratory type