NORTHUMBERLAND'S FOREIGN POLICY

What was Henry II’s personal stance on England?

hated them, wants England out of France fully

Will Henry II achieve his aim to get England out of France entirely?

yes, but in Mary’s reign not Edwards

What is the overview of the foreign situation in 1549?

estranged from Charles V, at war with France and the rough wooing is still occuring, failing to obtain MQS

Why was the war with France unpopular?

it’s expensive

Why was war with france popular?

seen as continuing Henry VIII’s epic foreign policy abroad

Where did France lay seige to?

Boulogne

What did the English do when the Boulogne seige occurs?

English beat the french fleet in the channel, means that Northumberland can supply Boulogne with supplies

Why is the fleet to Boulogne a temporary solution?

Northumberland can’t afford this long term

Why does Henry II want the seige to be over quickly?

Boulogne is near Burgundy (Charles V) so Charles may get antsy with abig army near him and either move and take Paris or support the English

What talks begin in 1550?

between England and france

What was the overview of the 1550 treaty of Boulogne first proposal?

English proposal to sell Boulogne in return for marriage to MQS?

What happened to the 1550 first proposal of the treaty of Boulogne?

the French refused

Why was France worried about the HRE?

since 1516 was the Hapsburg-Valois war and an English alliance with spain since Henry VII

Why don’t France agree to the first proposal of the treaty of Boulogne?

would go against the Auld alliance

How long has Calais been English for?

since 1347

Who does the 1550 treaty of Boulogne favour?

the French but the English do get the marriage

When was the treaty of Boulogne?

March 1550

Where does the treaty of Boulogne tell the English to withdraw from?

All of france bar Calais

How much do the ENGLISH GTE FOR boulogne?

133,333

What is interesting about the amount that the English get in the  treaty of Boulogne?

Less than Henry VII agreed in the treaty of Ardres Compe but more than Henry II wanted to pay

What was agreed in the 1546 treaty of Ardres Compe?

The French would eventually buy back Boulogne

How does the treaty of Boulogne benefit the scots?

no marriage to MQS and English soldiers removed from Scotland (but still on the border with berwick and carlisle)

Who and when is it agreed that Edwrad will marry in the treaty of Boulogne?

in the follow up treaty of Angers (1551) will marry Elizabeth of Valois who is Henry’s oldest daughter

Who does Elisabeth of Valois actually marry?

Philip in 1559

What empty point for the english is in the treaty of Boulogne?

English King doesn’t give up claim to the French throne (not given up until Georgians)

What about the treaty of Boulogne annoys CV, why?

defensive allinace between French and English, previosly there was always an Anglo-Hapsburg alliance (since HVII)

Why was Boulogne bad for the English?

militarily and strategically useless as it was 100 miles from Calais and the Clais pale and the two seperate Garrisons were expensive

Who did some of the nobles see the loss of Boulogne?

an embarassing abondenment of Henry VIII’s foreign policy

What was the current and strong link between France and Scotland?

French troops there (stay until 1560 under the treaty of Edinburgh) as Mary of Guise is regent

rather than Boulogne, what border was Northumberland more worried about?

the scottish

Why was there a poor relationship with Scotland?

rough wooing since 1544

When do the English withdraw from Scotland?

soon after the treaty of Boulogne

Did the troops withdrawing from Scotland resolve everything?

No, still border issues

What garrisons did England strengthen?

Berwick and Carlisle

WHat was the 1551 treaty of Norham?

agreed that the border would back to SAME AS IT WAS PRE-ROUGH wooing (1544 borders)

Who deals with the Scottish border and makes the final decisions?

Lord Dacre as he lives in Carlisle

What survey did Northumberland conduct?

1550, did a survey of the border, found the area of dispute was 15×4 miles, need to sort this to end disputes

What breaks out again in 1552?

The Hapsburg Valois war

When was the only time previosuly within the Tudors that england allied with the French?

during the diplomatic revolution and the issues with the divorce

Why did Charles dislike the religious changes?

they were radically protestant

What did the disputes between Charles and England nearly cause?

Charles to invade

What did Charles dislike about the way Mary was treated?

additional pressure by Northumberland and Edward to impose Protestantism on Mary and her household, means her priests ahve to hide as Mary refuses point blank.

What is the story between Edward and Mary’s dispute?

edward publicly humiliates mary, she ends up in tears so does edward, they got on as people but not religiously

What does Mary consider doing?

fleeing the country, she’s in east Anglia (taken over Norfolk’s lands) Charles sends a boat to the coast to pick her up but she eventually decides to stay

What tactless ambassador did Northumberland have?

In HRE who lectured Charles on Protestantism and demanded to hold Protestant services, ambassador should have been toing the line

What pressure did Charles put on Northumberland?

to attack France in valois war but Northumberland resisted pressure

What is antwerp like in regards to trade?

pivotal

What edict does Charles introduce in April 1550?

allowing inquisition to arrest Protestants in Netherlands

What will the Spanish inquisition do?

religious court who operate on guilty until proven innocence, will burn protestants

Why did Charles’ edict annoy the English?

didn’t clarify if it included foreigners, so was modified to not include foreigners

Why was Charles annoyed at the edict?

annoyed he had to change it

What happened as many dutch merchants fled to England?

collapsed the cloth trade in Antwerp as many merchants were Protestants (see Weber and calvinism) and took their mercantile expertise, contacts and banking knowledge to England

Why did Charles not invade England?

saved by France attacking the HRE

How did England respond to the threat of war from Charles?

trade embargo of cloth to the North

Why are there attempts to improve the relationship between HRE andEngland?

harmed conomies of both countries and Charles wanted an alliance due to threat of France so attempts made by 1552

What success do France have in the war?

1552, Duke of Guise takes Metz,Toul and Verdun, owned by the French to this day

Where are he French and the HRE fighting over?

border areas

Who wants Englands help in the war, why?

both, France due to defensive treaty and Charles due to historic alliance

What does Northumberland offer to act as in January 1553, why was it unsuccesful?

an intermediary, France was winning

When does edward die, what does this cause?

9th July 1553, Northumberland doesn’t have the time to focus on fo po

When does the Valois Hapsburg war continue until?

1559

How many treaties were established?

very few and often reversed on the change on the monarch, not durable

What did the avoidment of alliance allow for?

the preservation of freedom for domestic policy (eg succession planning) but limited foreign influence

What did the removal of garrisons in Scotland cause?

left Scotland less under English influence and increased the chance of Franco-Scottish cooperation

What did diplomacy reduce the risk of?

two front conflict (France and Scotland) and allowed England to avoid overstretch

What did realistic statescraft accept?

England’s limits after decades of war, prioritising stability over glory

What did a policy of peace cause?

limited opportunities for protestant solidarity abroad, England failed to create strong anti-hapsburg alliances

What did the return of Boulogne cause?

damage to England’s international prestige and reduced leverage in European diplomacy

What did settlements abroad allow for?

ministers to concentrate on domestic consolidation, rather than wasting resources overseas

What did critics say about Norhumberland’s forign policy?

the concessions abroad showed weakness

Why was it an issue that england was diplomatically isolated from catholic monarchs?

an issue in 1553 when Mary comes to the throne

What did Northumberland’s foreign policy avoid in treaties?

making England a junior partner to eith France or HRE, giving him freedom of manouvere

What happened as Northumberland reduced foreign expenditure?

stabilise the crown’s finances and reduces the need for heavy taxation

What secondary impact did Northumberland’s policy of peace have on the economy?

allowed more trade to occur so good for merchants and ports