Chapter 6: Language and Culture

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24 Terms

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nominalist position

the view that perception is not shaped by the particular language one speaks

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relativist position

the view that the particular language individuals speak, especially the structure of the language, shapes their perception of reality and cultural patterns

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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

the assumption that language shapes our ideas and guides our view of social reality

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language acquisition

the process of learning language

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qualified relativist position

  • a moderate view of the relationship between language and perception

  • sees language as a tool rather than a prison 

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communication style

the metamessage that contextualizes how listeners are expected to accept and interpret verbal messages

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metamessage

the meaning of a message that tells others how they should respond to the content of our communication based on our relationship to them 

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high-context communication

a style of communication in which much of the information is contained in the contexts and nonverbal cues rather than expressed explicitly in words 

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low-context communication 

a style of communication in which much of the information is conveyed in words rather than in nonverbal cues and contexts 

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co-cultural groups

nondominant cultural groups that exist in a national culture, such as African American or Indian American

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social positions

the places from which people speak that are socially constructed and thus embedded with assumptions about gender, race, class, age, social roles, sexuality, etc.

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bilingual

the ability to speak two languages fluently or at least competently

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multilingual

the ability to speak more than two languages fluently or at least competently

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interlanguage

  • a kind of communication that emerges when speakers of one language are speaking in another language

  • the native language’s semantics, syntactics, pragmatics, phonetics, and language styles often overlap and create a third way of communicating 

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translation

the process of producing a written text that refers to something said or written in another language 

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source text

the original language text of a translation

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target text

the new language text into which the original language text is translated

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interpretation

the process of verbally expressing what is said or written in another language

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equivalency

an issue in translation, the condition of being equal in meaning, value, quantity, and so on

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code switching

a technical term in communication that refers to the phenomenon of changing languages, dialects, or even accents

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language policies

laws or customs that determine when and where which language will be spoken

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lingua franca

a commonly shared language that is used as a medium of communication between people of different languages

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language 

  • a set of symbols, shared by a community to communicate meaning and experience

  • language has a direct relationship to culture

  • it bonds people together and reflects what those people saw, ate, and thought

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linguistic determinism

  • argues that language structure controls thought and cultural norms 

  • difference between languages represent basic differences in the worldview of diverse cultures