Fetal Pig Disection Quizlet

define right and left

pig's right and left

define anterior

toward the head

define posterior

toward the rear

define caudal

toward the tail

define dorsal

toward the back/up

define ventral

toward the belly/down

define lateral

toward the side

define medial

toward the middle

define proximal

near a specified point of reference

define distal

away from a specified point of reference

define pectoral

referring to the shoulder region

define pelvic

referring to the hip region

regions of a mammal's body

head

neck

trunk

tail

thorax

abdomen

parts of the ear + function

pinna- external flap

external acoustic meatus- short passage leading to eardrum

help the ear gather + concentrate sound waves

animals that depend on hearing for survival have large/small pinnas

LARGE pinnas

outer parts of the eye

eyes protected by upper and lower eyelids

nictitating membrane- covers anterior portion of the eyeball, sometimes moves across eye in some mammals to keep it clean- VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE in humans

parts of the mouth

lips, cheeks

allows young to suckle

nostrils called ____________ located ___________

nostrils called nares located on the end of the snout

another word for hoofed

ungulate

the pig walks on the __________

tips of its toes

what is the umbilical cord

the place where blood vessels carried nutrients + oxygen + waste from circulatory system of embryo to circulatory system of placenta within mothers uterus

what are nipples

external openings of mammary glands

distinctive feature of mammals

how to identify male fetal pig (3)

1) presence of two scrotal sacs at posterior end of body

2) presence of urogenital opening posterior to umbilical cord

3) duct leading to urogenital opening runs forward between the legs (penis)

how to identify female fetal pig

urogential opening is ventral to anus

what is the anus

posterior opening of the digestive tract

located under the tail

why is the skeleton of fetal pig difficult to study

bones have not completely ossified

many areas remain soft + cartilaginous

are the muscles of the fetal pig fully developed

no

origin of muscle

end attached to rigid part of skeleton

insertion of muscle

end attached to moving part of skeleton

belly of muscle

thickened middle portion between the two points of attachment

fascia

thin, connective tissue-y covering the covers the muscles

(she said this in class to specific groups)

Tensor fascia lata

a large muscle at the anterior surface of the thigh

(GOOGLE) function is to flex the thigh at the hip

Origin- ilium

insertion- patella

Gluteus medius

a thick muscle which lies just posterior to the tensor fascia lata

Its action is to abduct the thigh

Origin- vertebrae

insertion- proximal end of the femur

Biceps femoris

a very large, triangular muscle comprising most of the posterior half of the lateral surface of the thigh

Its action is to abduct the thigh and flex the shank

Origin- ischium

insertion- lower femur and upper tibia

Gastrocnemius

the large calf muscle

Action is to extend the foot

Origin- lower femur

insertion- Achilles tendon into the calcaneum (heel bone)

Tibialis anterior

the most ventral of the shank muscles

Its action is to flex the foot

Origin- upper tibia and fibula

insertion- tendon to metatarsals

Extensor digitorum longus

closely united with the tibialis anterior

Its action is to extend the digits

Origin- lower femur

insertion- into a tendon which subdivided into four, one for each digit

Gluteus maximus

posterior to the gluteus medius

action is also to abduct the thigh

Origin- sacral vertebrae

insertion- fascia

functions of digestive system

obtain nutrients for energy + growth/repair/maintenance

majority of these molecules are too large/insoluble, therefore must be broken down to component building blocks

simplest digestive compartment

intracellular food vacuole in protists and sponges

most animals use

extracellular digestion

location of tongue

ventral surface of oral cavity

hard palate location + function

dorsal surface of oral cavity

separates oral cavity from nasal cavities

soft palate location + function + description

posterior to hard palate

(GOOGLE) prevents food from going into the nose during swallowing

no bone

delete this

tp delete

first teeth to come through

incisors, canines

pharynx location + function

most posterior part of oral cavity

used as common passageway for food and respiratory canals

epiglottis location + function

flap at base of tongue, partially covers glottis

helps prevent food from entering trachea by covering glottis when pig swallows

glottis description

opening which is the entrance to the trachea

trachea

passageway leading to lungs aka RESPIRATORY PASSAGE

esophagus location + function

posterior and dorsal to glottis + dorsal to trachea

soft, muscular digestive tract tube which connects oral cavity to stomach

thymus location + function

glands in throat

function to produce antibodies that defend against disease

NOT in digestive system

larynx

voice box

vocal cords function + example noises

vibration of vocal cords causes sounds

tension high = squeal

tension low = grunt

liver

largest organ in abdomen

fits into concavity of diaphragm

(GOOGLE) makes bile, filters out toxins and chemicals from the blood

diaphragm

muscular partition that separates thoracic and abdominal cavities

stomach

push liver aside to uncover

organ where food is stored and digestion is initiated

layers of stomach

mucosa

submucosa

muscularis

mucosa

innermost layer

secretes alkaline mucus that lubricates + protects cells from digestive enzymes

surface covered w folds called RUGAE, allow stomach to expand after a large mean

submucosa

contains blood supply and nerves which coordinate contractions of muscularis

muscularis

contains smooth muscles that perform peristalsis to enable the stomach to churn and mix the food and break it down mechanically

peristalsis

rhythmic contractions and relaxions

gastric pits

between rugae

secrete hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen

pepsinogen

inactive precursor of pepsin, which breaks down proteins

function of HCl

maintains acidic pH of 1-2, allows pepsin to work

ulcer + cause

hole in stomach lining

caused by failure of protective system made of alkaline secreted mucus

pylorus

constriction between stomach and small intestine

(GOOGLE) opening between stomach and duodenum

spleen

attached to stomach by mesentery

long, flat, reddish organ

produces, stores, eliminates red blood cells

mesentery

(GOOGLE) a fold of the peritoneum which attaches the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, and other organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen.

duodenum

anterior end/first part of small intestine

(GOOGLE) mixes bile with food and digestive enzymes to digest it

bile duct

connect liver and duodenum

has branch to gall bladder

(GOOGLE) carries bile from the liver to gall bladder

gall bladder

small greenish sac embedded in liver

stores bile (GOOGLE)

pancreas

has duct which empties digestive enzymes into small intestine

produces insulin

three parts of small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

internal lining of small intestine has ________

villi

villi function + structure

finger like projections there to increase surface area

each villus is lined by goblet cells that protective mucus

cells on surface of villi are covered by microvilli to further increase surface area

contain capillaries that take up end products of digestion and circulate to rest of body

intestinal glands

inside pits formed by villi

secrete peptidase (works on proteins) and carbohydrase (works on carbohydrates)

enzymes in lumen of small intestine

peptidase- proteins

carbohydrase- carbohydrates

trypsin & chymotrypsin- proteins

lipase- fat

bile- emulsifies fats so lipase can work more efficiently

caecum

blind sac (GOOGLE: only has one opening, leads nowhere)

projects from point of juncture of small and large intestine

(GOOGLE) absorbs water, electrolytes, some carbohydrates

large intestine alternate name + func

alt name: colon

(GOOGLE) function: absorbs water and minerals, eliminates undigested food

rectum

large intestine becomes rectum in pelvic region

digestive tract opens to outside in _________

anus

requirements for efficient oxygen gas exchange

1) moist membrane- must be protected from drying out + any mechanical injury

2) large surface area

nasal septum

bony partition between the two nasal passages

lateral walls of passages contain ______________ to increase surface area

folds

nose protects delicate lungs by

1) adjusting temperature of incoming air- warmed by blood within many capillaries

2) adjusting humidity of incoming air

how is the nasal structure prevented from drying out

mucous membrane

air entering into the nose is cleaned by...

hair

mucus

cilia

thyroid

posterior end of trachea

endocrine gland

produces thyroxin- hormone that regulates metabolic rate

thoracic cavity divided into

right pleural cavity & left pleural cavity- contain lungs

pericardial cavity- contains heart

how does the trachea divide

trachea -> ____ -> ______...

trachea -> right & left bronchi -> air sacs -> alveoli

air sacs

functional units of lung

contains alveoli

alveoli

microscopic protrusions of air sacs

have one-cell thick moist walls, surrounded by capillary network

exchange of gases btwn external air and blood occurs here

circulatory system is considered an _________ mechanism

integrating

functions of circulatory system

carries raw materials + byproducts of metabolism

serves as place where hormones are circulated

flow of GOOD blood in circulatory system

____ -> ______ ->...

heart -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries

where does the actual exchange of blood occur

capillaries

flow of BAD blood in circulatory system

capillaries -> venules -> veins -> heart

key difference between adult pig and fetal pig circulatory system

most highly oxygenated blood in fetal pig comes from UMBILICAL VEIN, not lungs as in adult

parts and divisions of heart

divided into 4 chambers to separate oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood

parts:

-pericardium

-right + left ventricles

-right + left atria

-various vessels

right and left ventricles compose major parts of heart, atria look like little flaps