BYU Cell 220 Lecture Exam 3 (Gonda)

What does blood transport?

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, and waste products

Blood and lymph is what type of tissue?

fluid connective tissue

How does blood regulate the body

Absorbs and distributes heat, regulates body pH and fluid levels

How does blood defend the body?

Protects from infection, transports infection-fighting antibodies, forms blood clots

What percentage of blood is plasma?

55%

What percentage of blood is buffy coat?

less than 1%

What is the buffy coat made up of?

leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets

What percentage of blood is erythrocytes

about 44%

What percentage of plasma is water by weight?

92% by weight

What percentage of plasma is proteins by weight?

7%

What are the proteins in plasma

Albumins

Globulins

Fibrinogen

Regulatory proteins

other solutes in plasma

electrolytes, nutrients, respiratory gases, waste products

What are erythrocytes?

red blood cells (RBCs)

- Small biconcave discs -allows gases to be loaded and unloaded efficiently.

- no nucleus or organelles

- they bend as they pass through vessels

What do erythrocytes do?

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

What are erythrocytes filled with?

hemoglobin

What do regulatory T cells do

suppress immune response to keep it under control and turn it off when infection is over

What happens when B cells become activated

They divide and either become plasma cells or memory B cells

What do plasma cells do (B lymphocytes)

Produce immunoglobulins (antibodies) and those antibodies bind to antigens to take them for destruction

What do memory B cells do

Patrol body after an attack and are easily activated if infected again

What is the life cycle of a erythrocyte?

- Form in red bone marrow

- Circulate in bloodstream for up to 120 days

- Phagocytized in liver, spleen, and bone marrow

- Broken down and reused

What does the heme in a erythrocyte get converted into?

Bilirubin and secreted in bile by the liver

What is polycythemia

Too many erythrocytes (RBC) in the blood, increasing the viscosity of blood and placing strain on the heart

What is anemia

Low levels of erythrocytes (RBCs) or hemoglobin, leading to low oxygen levels

What is another name for leukocytes

White blood cells

What do leukocytes do

Initiate the immune response and defend against pathogens (larger than erythrocytes and contains a nucleus & organelles)

What is diapedesis

WBCs leave the bloodstream and enter tissues

What is chemotaxis

WBCs are attracted to site of infection by damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens

What are the two types of leukocytes?

granulocytes and agranulocytes

What are the three types of granulocytes (leukocyte)

Neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil

What are the two types of agranulocytes (leukocyte)

Monocyte and lymphocyte

What is the function of a Neutrophil (granulocyte leukocyte)

Phagocytizes pathogens

What is the function of a Eosinophil (granulocyte leukocyte)

Destroys parasites and is important in allergies

What is the function of a Basophil (granulocyte leukocyte)

Promotes inflammation by releasing histamine and heparin

What is the function of a Monocyte (agranulocyte leukocyte)

Exits bloodstream and becomes a macrophage; phagocytizes pathogens and debris

What is the function of a Lymphocyte (agranulocyte leukocyte)

Resides in lymphatic tissue. Coordinates immune response (T, B, and natural killer cells)

What is leukocytosis

High WBC count that results from infection, inflammation, or extreme stress

What is leukopenia

Low WBC count that results from certain types of viral or bacterial infections (HIV and AIDS)

What is leukemia

Cancer in the leukocyte forming cells in the bone marrow; proliferation of abnormal leukocytes (cancer takes over bone marrow and slow production of erythrocytes and platelets, causing bleeding and anemia)

What is another name for platelets

Thrombocytes

Where do platelets come from

Cell fragments of megakaryocytic

How long do platelets live for

8 to 10 days

What do blood clots consist of

Fibrin, platelets, and trapped erythrocytes

What is thrombocytopenia

Low platelet count from damage to bone marrow, chemotherapy, leukemia, or overactive spleen

What is thrombocytosis

High platelet count from disease of blood or bone marrow, cancer, removal of spleen, or an infection

What type of antigens does type A blood have?

Antigen A

What type of antigen does blood type B have?

B antigen

Antigen for AB blood

AB antigen

Antigen for O blood

None

What type of antibody is in blood type A plasma

Anti-B

What type of antibody is in blood type B plasma

Anti-A

Erythropoietin

Made by the kidney to control RBC formation in the bone marrow.

Chart

What type of antibody is in blood type AB plasma

None

What type of antibody is in blood type O plasma

Anti-A and Anti-B

What do natural killer cells do

Respond to multiple antigens to kill a wide variety of infected cells and some cancerous cells

What is lymphoma

Cancer of the lymphatic cells, often presents as an enlarged lymph node

What does the upper respiratory tract consist of

Sinuses, nasal cavity, and pharynx

What does the lower respiratory tract consist of

Parynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lung alveoli

What is hematopoiesis

The production of the bloods formed elements (erythropoiesis, Thrombopoiesis, leukopoiesis)

Where does hematopoiesis occur

Red bone marrow

Functions of the respiratory system

- Breathing

- Gas exchange

- Gas conditioning (warm, humidify, and cleanse air)

- Sound production

- Olfaction

- Defense

Alar cartilage

What is the average cardiac output

5.25 L/min

Heart beats 75/min, 108000/day

Functions as a dual pump

Heart is oriented

Within the mediastinum

Lies on the diaphragm, posterior to the sternum

Base: posterior and superior surface of the heart

Apex: anterior and inferior, points to the left hip

What are the layers of the pericardium

fibrous and serous (parietal and visceral)

What does the pericardial cavity contain

Serous fluid

What are the functions of the pericardium

-prevents undesired movement

-prevents overfilling of the heart

-reduces friction

What are the three layers of the heart wall

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

What type of tissue is the epicardium and endocardium made up of

Simple squamous epithelium

What does the pulmonary circuit of the heart entail

Carrying of blood to and from the lungs with the right ventricle as the pump

What does the systemic circuit of the heart entail

Transportation of blood to and from body tissues with the left ventricle as the pump

Coronary sinus

fossa ovalis

What is the fossa ovals during fetal circulation

Foramen oval

Sinoatrial node

Atrioventricular node

trabecular carneae

Fibrous skeleton

Dense connective tissue located between the atria and the ventricles

Functions:

- separates the atria and ventricles (structurally and electrically)

- anchors heart valves

- framework for cardiac muscle attachment

Characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue

striated and involuntary, 1-2 nuclei

How are cardiac muscle cells joined

Intercalated discs

What do gap junctions in cardiac muscle cells do

Increase flow of electrical current

What do desmosomes in the cardiac muscle cells do

prevent cardiac muscle from pulling apart

Cardiac muscle has...

More mitochondria and ATP than skeletal muscles

What is another name for the sinoatrial node

Pacemaker

Where does the parasympathetic nervous system emerge for the heart

Medulla

Which parasympathetic nerve is in charge of the cardiac plexus

Vagus nerve X, decreases heart rate

Where does the sympathetic nervous system emerge for the heart

Thoracic spinal cord

Where does the sympathetic nervous system synapse for the heart

Sympathetic chain ganglia

Coronary circulation

Brings nutrients and oxygen to the heart wall

What does inadequate coronary circulation result in

Heart attack or myocardial infarction

What is heart failure

Progressive weakening of the heart, meaning the heart can no longer pump enough blood to meet the ends of the body

Weakened ventricles fail to empty completely and blood backs up

May result in edema (congestion) in the tissues outside the pulmonary or systemic circuits

What do arteries do

Always transports blood away from the heart

Carry oxygen rich blood in the systemic circuit

Carry oxygen poor blood in the pulmonary circuit and umbilical arteries

What do veins do

Transport blood to the heart

Carry oxygen poor blood in the systemic circuit

Carry oxygen rich blood in the pulmonary circuit and umbilical vein

What happens in the capillaries

Gas and nutrient exchange between blood and tissues

What is the most inner tunic of vessels

Lumen (the space)

Vessel Tunics image

What type of tissue is the tunica intima

simple squamous epithelium (endothelium)

What is the composition of the tunica media

Circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers

What takes place in the tunica media

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction

What is the tunica external composed of

Collagen and elastic fibers; contains the vasa vasorum