chem level 2 organic

amino alkane

Amine

-OH

Alcohol

-COOH

Carboxylic acid

-NH2

Amine

Addition reaction

Of alkene - double bond breaks down to a single bond, and atoms/groups of atoms are added across the double bond

Substitution reaction

One group is substituted for another group on the same carbon

Elimination reaction

Atoms/groups of atoms are removed from two neighbouring carbon atoms, creating a double bond (an alkene)

Oxidation reaction

A reaction where oxygen is added, using either permanganate (KMnO4) or dichromate (K2Cr2O7)

Alkane + bromine water

Requires UV light, substitution of a Br for a H, slow, orange colour slowly disappears

Alkene + bromine water

Addition reaction, forming a haloalkane with two bromines, orange colour diappears quickly

Alkene + potassium permanganate

oxidation reaction, forming a diol where two OH groups are added across the double bond. purple solution of KMnO4 is reduced to colourless Mn2+

Alkene + H2O/H+

addition reaction, forming an alcohol where a H atom and OH group is added to adjacent carbon atoms

Markovnikov's rule

Used to define major and minor products of an addition reaction

Saytzeff's rule

Used to define major/minor products of an elimination reaction

When the "rich gets richer"

The major product is defined as "the carbon atom bonded to more hydrogen atoms will be bonded to another hydrogen atom"

When the "poor gets poorer"

The major product is defined as "the carbon atom bonded to the least number of hydrogen atoms will lose another hydrogen atom"

Haloalkane + KOH(alc)

Elimination reaction that produces an alkene

Haloalkane + KOH(aq)

Substitution reaction that produces an alcohol

Alkane

a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent C-C bonds.

Alkene

A hydrocarbon with a double bond. C=C.

Cycloalkanes

Saturated hydrocarbons with carbon atoms joined in a ring

Alkyne

a carbon compound with a carbon-carbon triple bond.

Haloalkane

compounds with a halogen group such as Cl2 or Br2

Functional group R-X. There are no chemical tests. Not miscible/soluble in water

Primary Alcohol

an alcohol in which the OH group is attached to a carbon that is attached to no more than one other carbon. do not react with cHCL/ZNCL2, not even after 10 minutes of heat

Secondary Alcohol

An alcohol in which the carbon connected to the OH group is also connected to 2 other carbon atoms. _ alcohols go cloudy in cHCL/ZNCL2 after being heated gently for 10 minutes.

Tertiary Alcohol

An alcohol in which the OH group is attached to a carbon that is in turn attached to three other carbons. _ alcohols rapidly go cloudy with cHCL/ZNCL2.

Substitution Reaction

A functional group in a particular chemical compound is replaced by another group.

Elimination Reaction

A reaction where functional groups are removed from a reactant.

Methyl Group

A chemical group consisting of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms. The methyl group may be attached to a carbon or to a different atom.

Structural Isomers

or Constitutional Isomers. Compounds which have the same formula but differ in the way their atoms are arranged and have different physical properties and names.

Geometric Isomers

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangements of their atoms in -cis or -trans. Exist for Alkanes.

Markovnikov's Rule

for addition reactions; H goes on the Carbon that already has the most H's. The RICH GET RICHER

Saytzeff Rule

the poor gets poorer

Alkene

Properties: turns MNO4-/H+ from purple to colourless Mn2+. Also turns Orange Br2 colourless. Strongest intermolecular force of an ____ is Instantaneous - Induced. Not miscible/soluble in water

Alkyne

Properties: Same chemical tests as alkenes. Strongest intermolecular force of an _ is Instantaneous - Induced. Not miscible/soluble in water

Carboxyloic acid

Properties: reacts with Carbonates to produce CO2 bubbles. Reacts with more reactive metals to produce Hydrogen. Strongest intermolecular force is H - bonding. Turns moist blue litmus red.

Alcohol

Properties: primary and secondary alcohols turn purple MNO4-/H+ to colourless Mn2+, and also turns Cr2O7 2- to green Cr3+. Strongest intermolecular force is H - bonding.

Carboxylate Salt

Properties:Turns moist red litmus paper blue. Strongest intermolecular force is Ionic.

Alkyl Ammonium Salt

Properties:Turns moist red litmus paper blue. Strongest intermolecular force is Ionic

Alcohol to Haloalkane

Substitution reaction using either cHCL/ZNCL2, PCL3, PCL5 or SOCL2.

Haloalkane to Alcohol

Substitution reaction KOH (aq) or NAOH.

Alcohol to Alkene

Elimination reaction using cH2SO4

Haloalkane to Alkene

Elimination reaction using KOH (alc)

Alkene to Haloalkane

Addition reaction with Hx

Alkene to Diol-alkane

Oxidation reaction with MNO4- , in which 2 OH groups are now attached, double bond is removed

Alkene to Dihaloalkane

Addition reaction using Br2 or Cl2

Alkene to Alkane

Addition reaction using Pt/H2 or Ni/H2

Alkane to Haloalkane

Substitution reaction using Br and UV light

Haloalkane to Amine

Substitution reaction using cNH3 or NH3 (alc). Functional group R-NH2

Amine to Alkyl Ammonium Salt

Acid/base reaction using Acid to get to Alkyl Ammonium salt. Functional group = R - NH3 - X+

Alcohol to Carboxylate Acid

Oxidation reaction using MNO4-/H+ REFLUX or Cr2O7 2- /H+ REFLUX

Carboxylate Acid to Carboxylate Salt

Formed when reacted with a base, carbonate or metal substance

Polymerisation

A chemical reaction in which small molecules called monomers are joined together covalently to form a polymer. Using high temperatures, pressure and a catalyst. Ethene to poylethene and propene = polypropene

Cracking

Longer chain alkanes are broken into shorter chain alkanes and alkenes

Pentanoic Acid

CH3(CH2)3COOH

2,3-dichlorobutane

CH3-CH-Cl-CH-Cl-CH3

2-amino, 4-methylpentane

CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH(NH2)-CH3

Sodium Butanoate

CH3-CH2-CH2-C=O-ONa

2,2-dimethylbutane

CH3-C(CH3)2-CH2-CH3

Ethanol

CH3-CH2-OH

2-methylbutan-2-ol

CH3-COH(CH3)-CH2-CH3

3-methylbut-2-ene

CH3-C(CH3)=CH-CH3