Era of Turmoil 1960-1975

Rory Gilmore's mindset <3

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Landmark legislation that prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin and ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Legislation that aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the 15th Amendment to the Constitution.

Martin Luther King

A prominent leader in the American civil rights movement known for his advocacy of nonviolent protest methods, such as boycotts, marches, and peaceful demonstrations, to advance civil rights and racial equality.

Selma March

A series of three marches in 1965 from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, led by civil rights leaders, including Martin Luther King Jr., to protest discriminatory voting practices and advocate for voting rights legislation.

March on Washington

A massive civil rights demonstration held in Washington, D.C., on August 28, 1963, where Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech, calling for an end to racism and equality for all Americans.

Freedom Summer

A 1964 voter registration drive in Mississippi organized by civil rights groups to increase African American voter registration and participation in the political process.

Freedom Riders

Civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated Southern United States to challenge the non-enforcement of Supreme Court decisions that ruled segregated bus terminals unconstitutional.

Lyndon B. Johnson

The 36th President of the United States who succeeded John F. Kennedy after his assassination and played a key role in advancing civil rights legislation, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Kerner Comission

Officially known as the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, it was established by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in American cities and to provide recommendations for addressing underlying issues of racial inequality.

Civil Rights Act of 1968

Also known as the Fair Housing Act, it prohibited discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, or sex.

Black Power Movement

A social and political movement in the 1960s and 1970s that called for racial pride, self-determination, and empowerment among African Americans, often emphasizing militant tactics and separatism.

Black Panthers

A revolutionary socialist organization founded in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to combat police brutality and promote black self-defense, community empowerment, and social justice.

US Goals for Vietnam

• preventing the spread of communism

• supporting the South Vietnamese government

• achieving a favorable outcome in the conflict

Ho Chi Minh Trail

A network of supply routes used by North Vietnam to transport troops and supplies to Viet Cong forces in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War.

War Powers Act

Legislation passed by Congress in 1973 that requires the President to consult with Congress before deploying US armed forces into hostilities and to withdraw forces after 60 days if Congress does not approve military action.

Pentagon Papers

Classified documents leaked to the press in 1971 by Daniel Ellsberg that revealed the history of US involvement in Vietnam and exposed government deception about the war's conduct and justification.

Hawks

Term used to describe individuals or groups who advocated for a strong military response and escalated US involvement in the Vietnam War.

Doves

Term used to describe individuals or groups who opposed US military intervention in Vietnam and advocated for a negotiated settlement or withdrawal of troops.

Vietcong

a communist guerrilla organization in South Vietnam that fought against the government of South Vietnam and US forces during the Vietnam War.

Free Speech Movement

A student-led protest movement at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1964 that advocated for free speech rights and academic freedom on college campuses.

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

A joint resolution passed by Congress in 1964 granted President Lyndon B. Johnson broad powers to use military force in Vietnam without a formal declaration of war.

Vietnamization

A policy introduced by President Richard Nixon in the late 1960s that aimed to shift the burden of combat in Vietnam from US troops to South Vietnamese forces while withdrawing US troops from the conflict.

Cesar Chavez

A labor leader and civil rights activist who co-founded the United Farm Workers (UFW) union and organized nonviolent protests and boycotts to improve the working conditions of migrant farmworkers.

American Indian Movement

A Native American advocacy group founded in 1968 to address issues of indigenous rights, sovereignty, and self-determination, including treaty rights, land claims, and cultural preservation.

Feminine Mystique

A groundbreaking book written by Betty Friedan in 1963 that challenged traditional gender roles and expectations for women, sparking the modern feminist movement and advocating for women's equality and liberation.

Counterculture

A social and cultural movement that emerged in the 1960s as a reaction against mainstream American society, characterized by unconventional lifestyles, experimentation with drugs, rejection of traditional values, and advocacy for peace and social justice.

Phyllis Schlafly

A conservative activist and author who led the campaign against the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in the 1970s, arguing that it would undermine traditional gender roles and family values.

Peace Corps

A volunteer program established by President John F. Kennedy in 1961 that sends American volunteers abroad to provide assistance in areas such as education, health, agriculture, and community development.

Hot Line

A direct communication link established in 1963 between the White House and the Kremlin to enable rapid communication and reduce the risk of accidental nuclear war during the Cold War.

Warren Commision

Officially known as the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, it was established to investigate the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in 1963 and concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the assassination.

Cuban Missile Crisis

A 13-day confrontation in 1962 between the United States and the Soviet Union over the presence of Soviet ballistic missiles in Cuba, which brought the two superpowers to the brink of nuclear war.

Bay of Pigs

A failed invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles trained and funded by the CIA in 1961, aimed at overthrowing the government of Cuban leader Fidel Castro.

Berlin Wall

A barrier constructed by East Germany in 1961 to prevent defection from East Berlin to West Berlin, symbolizing the division between Eastern and Western Europe during the Cold War.

Great Society

A set of domestic programs and policies introduced by President Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1960s to combat poverty, promote racial justice, and improve healthcare, education, and the environment in the United States.

Government Spending

gross national product grew substantially, unemployment and inflation declined, increased gov spending to fund public schools, public works, social services, esp. military spending stimulated the growth.

effects: increased average income and purchasing power for all, the highest standard of living in the US than any society in the history of the world