World History

What were the causes of the Russian Revolution of March 1917?

Discontentment of peasants, cost of WW1, and shortages of food and fuel

How did Lenin adapt Marxist ideas to Russian society and government?

Used an elite group to lead the revolution

What are the reasons for the fall of Kerensky’s government?

Economic collapse and widespread discontent

How did Lenin and Trotsky use brutality and terror to win the Russian Civil War?

By executing political opponents and dissenters

What capitalist measures did Lenin incorporate into his New Economic Policy?

Introduction of limited free-market activites

How did the actions of Tsar Nicholas II and his wife lead to revolution in Russia?

By their perceived extravagance and detachment from the needs of the people

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

England

What were cottage industries?

Handcrafting goods in rural homes

Which industry was the first to industrialize?

Textile

What is textile?

A type of cloth

What natural resources were needed for industry in England

Coal, iron ore, and rivers

What was the Enclosure Movement?

A movement for land consolidation by wealthy landowners

What characterized England’s government/economy in the 1700s?

Developed banking system, trade, and wealth

What is imperialism?

A policy or practice of taking control of another country

What is the main result of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885?

Intensified imperial competetion in Africa

What resource did King Leopold want to obtain from the Congo?

Rubber

What is considered the final and crucial tool of empire?

Quinine

What did colonizing lands often call the natives?

Savages

What is the White Man’s Burden?

A belief in racial superiority

What did imperialism in Asia result in?

Exploitation of resources, colonization, and cultural domination by European powers

What did expansion often entail?

Taking away the rights of others

What were specific products Europeans wanted to import from China?

Silk and tea

What did imperialism in India lead to?

Economic independence and prosperity for India

What did the saying “The Sun never set on the British Empire” imply?

British dominance over the world

What is a disease caused by parasites carried by mosquitoes?

Malaria

What was the transportation of slaves from Africa to the Americas?

The Trans-Atlantic slave trade

What is the policy or practice of taking control of another country?

Imperialism

What was an English invention that filled several spindles with thread at once?

Spinning Jenny

What is the word for work performed by laborers against their will?

Forced labor

What replaced the handloom during the Industrial Revolution?

Power loom

What is the idea that a colonizing country must actually be established in a country before it considered their colony?

Rule of Occupation

What is the working class, especially those who lack capital and must sell their labor to survive?

Proletariat

What was the term for Russian elected council representing workers, soldiers, and peasants?

Soviet

What is the secret police organization known for its brutal tactics?

Cheka

What is a “commissar” in the context of Soviet history?

A military leader appointed to oversee political loyalty within the armed forces

Who was the leader of the Bolshevik Party and the first head of the Soviet state?

Lenin

What triggered the start of WW1?

The assissination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary

What is meant by the phrase “In 1900 Europeans believed the world was their oyster”?

Europeans believed they could dominate and exploit other parts of the world

What is a state of equlilbruim in which no single country or group of countries is overwhelmingly dominant?

Balance of Power

What is an agreement between two or more governments?

Entente

What countries made up the Triple Alliance?

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

What countries made up the Triple Entente?

Britain, France, and Russia

Which nation spent the greatest percent of money on its navy?

Britian

How do colonies help a mother country economically?

By providing a market for manufactured goods, supplying raw materials, and serving as a source of cheap labor

How do colonies help a mother country militarily?

By providing soldiers for the mother county’s army, offering strategic naval bases and military outposts, and financing military campaigns

What country joined the war in 1917?

U.S.

What is love and devotion for one’s own country based on a shared history and culture?

Nationalism

What is a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force?

Imperialism

What is the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests?

Militarism

What is the name of the time period that promoted the change from hand tools to power-driven machines and factories

Industrial Revolution

Who was Mary Wallstonecraft?

A political thinker that presented an arguement for the education of women. She also declared that women should have the same political rights as men.

Who was Cardinal Richelieu?

Strong minister who increased the power of the French monarchy

The Glorious Revolution of 1688 resulted in what?

This resulted in the emergence of a constitutional monarchy, wherein the powers of the monarchy were limited by law and subject to the consent of the Parliament

The cabinet system of government was developed to do what?

Represent the major party in Parliament by appointing cabinet members solely from the ruling party, ensuring that government policies and initiatives align closely with the party's platform

Who was Peter the Great?

Tsar of Russia, Westernizes Russia to be more like Europe, contruction of the grand city of St. Petersburg

Phillip II

King of Spain, great wealth from the New World colonies, used catholic inquisition to maintain power, and claims divine rights

Louis XIV

Bourbon King of France, called “The Sun King,” states “I am the state,” builds Palace of Versailles

Charles I

Confronted Parliament over matters of governance and religion ultimately led to the Civil War and his own execution, marking a pivotal moment in history

Emirge

Nobles who fled France but still hoped to restore the monarchy

Estates System

A socio-political structure prevalent in feudal societies and is divided into three distinct classes (clergy, nobility, and commoners) each with its own rights and privileges

Bourgeoisie

Exhibited the most pronounced adherence to the ideals and principles of the Enlightenment; the bourgeoisie, comprising the middle class, intellectuals, and professionals, actively embraced Enlightenment principles such as reason, liberty, and progress, driving social and political change

National Assembly

Purpose was to represent the common people, serving as a forum for the voices and aspirations of the general populace, including artisans, workers, and peasants, in shaping revolutionary reforms

Expropriation

Action by the state or an authority of taking property from its owner for public use or benefit

Guillotine

Carry out executions swiftly and efficiently, symbolizing the revolutionary commitment to justice and the punishment of perceived enemies of the state

Bastille

A fortress prison seen as a symbol of royal tyranny and oppression, was stormed by revolutionaries on July 14, 1789, marking the commencement of the French Revolution

The slogan of the French Revolution:

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity which encapsulated the core values of the French Revolution

Tennis Court Oath

Signified a vow to continue meeting until new constitution was established

What precentange of the First and Second Estates, consisting of clergy and nobility who enjoyed significant privileges and exemptions from taxation?

2% of France’s population

The Reign of Terror

A dark and violent period, saw widespread political repression and mass executions of perceived enemies of the revolution

The Committee of Public Safety

A revolutionary committee led by Robespierre, implemented the Reign of Terror as a means to suppress counter-revolutionary activity and consolidate power

Who was responsible for orchestrating the Reign of Terror?

National Convention

What was the primary function of the Committee of Public Safety?

Law enforcement, enacting and enforcing harsh measures to suppress counter-revolutionary activities and dissent, including arrests, trials, and executions, in order to maintain internal security and stability

Who was Napoleon Bonaparte?

A skilled military leader, orchestrated and seized power through a coup d'état in 1799, becoming the Consulate and later Emperor; the primary legal reform introduced by Napoleon Bonaparte was the Napoleonic Code which codified French law and established key legal principles such as equality before the law and protection of property rights

Paramount objective

Driving the participants was to promote and ensure stability among European nations through diplomatic negotiations and territorial rearrangements

King Frederick William III of Prussia

Instrumental in advocating for the interests and aspirations of German states played the most pivotal role in shaping the outcomes and decisions of the Congress of Vienna exerting significant influence over its proceedings and resolutions