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What are the six kingdoms of life as they are now identified?
The six kingdom systems of classification includes the kingdoms Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
What does the phylogenetic tree of life show?
The tree of life shows current hypotheses regarding evolutionary relationships among the taxa within the three domains of life. It also shows evolutionary relationships.
What is the phylogenetic species?
A cluster of organisms that is distinct from other clusters and shows evidence of a pattern of ancestry and descent.
domain
Larger, more inclusive taxonomical category than kingdom
Bacteria
Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycan; corresponding to the kingdom Eubacteria
Archaea
Domain consisting of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan; corresponding to the kingdom Archaebacteria
Eukarya
Domain consisting of all organisms that have a nucleus; including protists, plants, fungi, and animals.
What is the goal of evolutionary classification?
the goal of phylogenetic systematics, or evolutionary classification, is to group species into larger categories that reflect lines of evolutionary descent rather than overall similarities and differences.
What is a cladogram?
A cladogram links groups of organisms by showing how evolutionary lines, or lineages branched off from common ancestors. In other words, a branching diagram that is similar to the phylogenic tree
How are DNA sequences used in classification?
In general, the more derived genetic characteristics two species share, the more recently they shared a common ancestor, and the more closely they are related in evolutionary terms.
phylogeny
the evolutionary history of a lineage
clade
evolutionary branch of a cladogram that includes a single ancestor and all its descendants
cladogram
diagram depicting patterns of shared characteristics among species.
monophyletic group
group that consists of a single ancestral species and its descendants and excludes any organisms that are not descendants from that common ancestor.
derived character
trait that aperars in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members
What are the goals of binomial nomenclature and systematics?
In binomial nomenclature, each species is assigned a two-part scientific name. The goal of systematics is to organize living things into groups that have biological meaning.
How did Linnaeus group species into larger taxa?
Over time, Linnaeus's original classification system expanded to include seven hierarchical taxa; species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom
Binomial nomenclature
classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name
genus
group of closely related species; the first part of the scientific name in binomial nomenclature
systematics
study of the diversity of life and the evolutionary relationship between organisms to organize them in the context of evolution. In other words, it is the science of naming and grouping organisms.
taxon
group or level of organization into which organisms are classififed
family
In classification, group of similar genera
genera
plural form of genus
order
In classification, a group of closely related families
class
in classification, a group of closely related orders
phylum
In classification, a group of closely related classes
kingdom
largest and most inclusive group in Linneaen classification
classification
grouping similar things
Who is Aristotle? How long ago did he live? What groups did he originally state existed and why? What were the problems of his time? How did he classify his groups?
Aristotle is the real grandfather of classification and lived 2000 years ago. Stated that there are two groups, plants and animals, and he did this because he had a lack of knowledge compared to what we know today. The problems of his time were that there were different names for different organisms in different areas, in other words there was no binomial nomenclature to give organisms two part names that are universally accepted. He classified animals by where they lives, which are air, water, and land. He classified plants/ divided plants into shrubs, herbs, and trees.
taxonomy
the science of classifying organisms
Who was Carlous Linnaeus and in what year did he come around?
1700's and he was a Swedish Botanist. He is the universally accepted grandfather of classification in a system.
What did Carlous Linnaeus invent and how is it used?
He invented binomial nomenclature, which is the two word naming system using the genus and species of an organism in latin. It is used by the name being italicized or underlined, with capital letter for the genus and lower case letter for the species.
What two groups of organisms did Carlous Linnaeus use? Who also used these groups before him?
He used two kingdoms, plants and animals, just like Aristotle used two groups, plants and animals
What taxa did Carlous Linnaeus use?
He only used the taxa Kingdom, Class, Order, Genus, and species.
What two things did Carlous Linnaeus not know that could of helped him better classify things?
He did not know about DNA or evolution.
How did Carlous Linnaeus group things?
Grouped things by morphology, relationships between their structures.
morphology
the study of the forms of thing, or in biology the branch of biology that deals with the form of living organisms, and with relationships between their structures
What is the hierarchy of biology
The levels to a system, which include 8 groups of taxa, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and species.
What is domain?
The highest level of the hierarchy today that includes all six kingdoms
What is Kingdom?
A taxon of similar phyla or divisions
What is Phylum?
Taxon of similar classes
What is Divisions?
The phylum version of plants
What is Class?
Taxon of similar orders
What is Order?
Taxon of similar families
What is Family?
Group of similar genera
What is Genus?
Group of similar species
What is species?
Most exclusive, specific group. Members of this grouping can mate and produce viable offsprings.
What is varieties?
Same species but with slight differences.
What did Aristotle and Linnaeus both believe that was definitely wrong?
They both believed that species were Unchanging and Distinct.
What is subspecies?
Same species, different location
What was the original hierarchy?
Kingom, class, order, genus, species
What is the hierarchy today?
Domain, kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, species
What is an outgroup?
A group with the least amount of similarities than all the other groups on a cladogram, and can also be a group with no characteristics in common or one characteristic in common.
What is phylogeny?
Evolutionary history + morphology (embryological development)
What other things besides morphology can help define the phylogenetic tree of life? Give an example of one of them
Fossil records and macromolecules, which are DNA or proteins. Ex of macromolecules, Hemoglobin (blood protein) in the Gorilla are made from 146 amino acids, and Hemoglobin in Humans are made from 146 amino acids with only a 1 a.a. difference from Gorillas
Who made the Cladistic model and when? What is the Cladistic model?
1966 by Hennig. It is the original name for the cladogram
Draw a cladogram and label on it: node, terminal node, internal node, root, branch, out group, ingroup
The first node, or the first branching point is the root of the cladogram because it is at the base of the cladogram. The terminal node will be then ends of the branches, the ingroups are all the groups excluding the outgroup, which is the first group to disappear or stop in the cladogram, the internal node is all the nodes that are at the point of speciation
Give a basic summary of the six kingdoms
List the three domains
Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria
List 8 things about Archaebateria
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
Examples are Blue-green bacteria, Methanogens
Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan
Domain Archaea
Live in harsh environments Ex. swamps, deep ocean vents, seawater evaporating ponds
Closest related to Domain Archaea
List 8 things about Eubacteria
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
Examples are E.coll, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, spirochetes
Most bacteria belong here
Cause diseases
Can survive in a wide variety of environments
Cell walls have peptidoglycan
What does Eu mean?
True
What does Pro mean?
First
List 7 things about "Protista"
Eukaryotic
Uni, multi or colonial
Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
examples are Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Plaamodium, Diatoms
Plant-like, Animal-like or Fungus-like characteristics
Lives in moist enviroments
Least clear cut of all kingdoms
List 5 things about Fungi
Eukaryotic
Uni or Multicellular (Most multicellular anf few unicellular)
Heterotrophic
Examples are Yeast, Mushrooms, Molds, amuts, rust
Cells walls made of chitin
List 5 things about Plantae
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Autotrophic (some heterotrophic)
Mosses, ferns, horsetails, conifers, flowering plants
Has a cell wall made of cellulose
List 4 things about Animalia
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Sponges, coral, sea stars, EW, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
List one main characteristic that helps define each kingdom from eachother
Animalia --> No cell wall or chloroplasts
Plantae --> Has a cell wall made of cellulose
Fungi --> Cell walls made of chitin
"Protista" --> Single-celled eukaryotic organisms
Eubacteria --> Cell walls have peptidoglycan
Archaebacteria --> Cell walls do not have peptidoglycan
What do biologist mean when they say "natural" group?
They are refering to the catagory of species in the classification system because it is the only category that is not man-made, but instead nature-made.
What is moneria? What happened to it?
Moneria was the fifth kingdom that consisted of all prokaryotes (bacteria), but was later split into Archaebacteria and Eubacteria because they were two genetically and biochemically different groups.
What is a division?
The plant form of phylum
Why are there "s around the kingdom "protista?"
Because Scientists now recognize that it is a paraphyletic group. This means that there is no way to put all unicellular eukaryotes into a clade that contains a single common ancestor, all of its descendants, and only those descendants.
Note 
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