Psychology of learning

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Practical, Analytical, Creative

Creative

Imaginative and problem solving

Ex: Write an alternate ending to the short story you just read that represents a different way things might have gone for the main characters in the story

Practical

Street smarts and common sense

Ex: Apply the formula for computing compound interest to a problem people are likely to face when planning for retirement

Analytical

Academic problem solving

Ex: Judge the structure and word choice of your peer’s first draft of writing, discussing strengths as well as weakness in these areas of his/her writing

Vygotsky

Zone of Proximal Development

ZPD

Zone of Proximal development- learning happens with help from a more knowledgeable other

Bandura

Social learning theory

Self efficacy

ones belief in ones ability to succeed in specific situations or accplimshing a task

Piaget

Cognitive Development Stages

Cognitive Development stages

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

Sensorimotor

Senses and movement, infants and toddler, explore the world through the senses and actions, irritate others, Gain object permanence, experience stranger anxiety

preoperational

preschool and primary grade, are prelogical thinkers, represents things with words and pictures, hindered by irreversibility, Its all about me

Concrete Operational

Elementary to early middle school, engage in school, less egocentric, by age seven most kids can pass the water test, learn best with concrete objects to see and touch

Formative Operational

Middle school, high school, and beyond, engage in mental trial and error, engage in abstract thinking and mature moral reasoning

Bruner

Scaffolding and discovery learning

Scaffolding

a teaching method where educators provide temporary, tailored support to help students master new skills or concepts, gradually removing that help as learners become independent

Discovery learning

a student-centered instructional method where learners actively construct knowledge for themselves by exploring problems and discovering solutions, rather than being passively taught

Frontal lobe

Thinking, problem, solving

Amygdala

Emotions, especially fear and angry

Limbic system

emotional/ behavioral responses

thalamus

Sensory relay center

Sensory register

first stage, very short (1-3 seconds)

Short-term memory

Holds information (20-30 seconds)

Working memory

Mental Workspace, active processing

Long-term memory

Permeant storage

Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

1. Physiological

2. Safety

3. Love/belonging

4. Esteem

5. Self-Actualization

Operant conditioning

Positive Reinforcement

Negative reinforcement

Punishment

extinction

Instructional Approaches

Constructivist

Behavioral

Information Processing

Humanistic

Social Learning