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Intelligence
the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
General Intelligence (g)
underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test (Spearman)
What is factor analysis?
A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test.
What are clusters of related items identified in factor analysis called?
Factors
What is the purpose of factor analysis?
To identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.
Who is Charles Spearman?
A British psychologist who suggested that the behaviors we consider as intelligence are all based off a single ability or general factor.
Who is L.L Thurstone?
-invented SATs
-identified 7 clusters of primary mental abilities
Who is Howard Gardner?
American cognitive psychologist and author, best known for his theory of multiple intelligences.
What are the 8 intelligences +1?
Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Musical, Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Naturalist = (existential intelligence)
What is existential intelligence?
the ability to think about the question of life, death and existence
Savant Syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
What were Sternberg's 3 intelligence's?
Analytical intelligence, Creative intelligence, and Practical Intelligence
Grit
in psychology, grit is passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
Emotional Intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
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Intelligence Test
a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
Achievement Tests
tests designed to assess what a person has learned
-(AP Tests)
Aptitude Tests
a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
Francis Galton
interested in link between heredity and intelligence; founder of the eugenics movement
Who is Alfred Binet?
A pioneer in intelligence (IQ) tests.
What was the purpose of the test designed by Alfred Binet?
To identify slow learners in need of help.
What is Mental Age?
A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet.
What does Mental Age correspond to?
The chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance (8 year old has a mental age of 8)
Lewis Terman
Revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children
-Standford-Binet
Standford-Binet
the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test
What is the original definition of Intelligence Quotient (IQ)?
IQ is defined as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100.
How is IQ calculated?
IQ = (ma/ca) x 100.
What score is assigned to average performance on contemporary intelligence tests?
A score of 100.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
the WAIS and its companion versions for children are the most widely used intelligence tests; contain verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests
To be widely accepts, a psychological test must meet these 3 criteria?
Standardized, Reliable, and Valid
Standardization
Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
Normal Curve (Bell Curve)
describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
Example of Standardization
people taking the SAT on a particular testing date are fairly representative of the population of people taking the SAT in general.
The Flynn Effect
The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations
What does reliability refer to in testing?
The extent to which a test yields consistent results.
How can reliability be assessed?
By the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting.
Example of Reliability
The subjects would take a test at two different points in time to determine its consistency over time. If subjects take a test that assesses their ability to reason, then that test must also produce the same results a week later.
Validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Content Validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
What is predictive validity?
The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict.
How is predictive validity assessed?
By computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior.
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Cohort
a group of people from a given time period
Crystallized Intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
Fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
Cross Sectional Study
research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time
What did the Cross Sectional Study say about age and intelligence?
Mental ability declines with age
Longitudinal Study
research that follows and retests the same people over time
What did the Longitudinal Study say about age and intelligence?
intelligence remains stable, and on some tests it even increases.
What is Low Extreme in the context of intellectual disability?
A condition of limited mental ability.
What intelligence test score indicates Low Extreme intellectual disability?
70 or below.
What is a characteristic of Low Extreme intellectual disability?
Difficulty in adapting to normal demands of independent living.
Down Syndrome
a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
High Extreme
IQ of 135 or above
Note 
Flashcard (135)