MIDTERM Clinical Neuroscience

add two more questions from the readings

Sensory neurons

carry signals from the outer parts of your body, such as your eyes, ears, fingers into the central nervous system

membrane, dendrite, axon

Neuron has a ___, ______, and an ______

afferent; efferent

Other terms associated with neurons include _____ neuron or ______ neuron

Afferent (access) sensory neuron

brings information into a structure.

Efferent (exit) motor neuron

carries information away from the structure

neuron; resting potential; depolarized; down; terminal buttons; extracellular space; synapse

When the ______ fires, the ______ ______ changes and the cell becomes _______moving ____ the axon to the ________ _______ where the neurotransmitter is released into the adjacent ________ _____ or ______.

synapse; synaptic cleft

Neurotransmitters are primarily associated with the _____ and a______ _____

Emotional responses to a traumatic event

are most directly under the control of the "Autonomic Nervous System" (ANS) which consists of two parts called the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Autonomic Nervous System

consists of two parts called the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine

_________, _________, and _______ are catecholamine neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters

are primarily associated with a synaptic cleft and synapse

Neuroleptics or Neuropeptides

may also be neuromodulators

Neuromodulator

is a chemical such as a neuropeptide that influences ongoing synaptic activity, either enhancing or impeding neuron

sensory afferent neurons

carry signals to the brain from the eyes, ears, nose, and other sense organs

motor nerves (efferent)

transmits impulses from the muscles to glands

the spinal cord

communicates with all the sense organs and muscles except those of the head

our heart rate

The sympathetic increases ____ _____ ____.

the parasympathetic nervous system

acts like a brake on a car; promotes the rest and digest response that calms your body down, decreases your heart rate (Activates the camping functions in your body)

The sympathetic nervous system

helps a person fight or flight when they’re in danger

medial, temporal cortex; thalamus; cerebral

The hippocampus lies beneath the _____,____ _____ and between the_____ and the _____ cortex

The hippocampus

plays a major role in memory forming, organizing, and storing

thalamus

is the main source of input to the cerebral cortex; is pair of left and right side structures located in the center of the forebrain

hypothalamus

is under the thalamus; controls most vital functions and motivated behavior, such as eating

occipital lobe

is located at the very back of your brain; it receives, processes visual information and then relates this information to the parietal lobe

•  is responsive to visual sensory input

• allows for the understanding of spatial association as well as providing useful cues for movement

parietal lobe

processes body sensations

auditory

______ information is sent to the temporal lobe

Broca’s area

prioritizes language

frontal lobe

also controls fine movement

prefrontal cortex

is in charge of working memory, abstract thinking, thought analysis, making decisions, and planning movement

fine; light; fovea

If you want to see something in____ detail, you should focus the____ on your _____.

right; left

Light from the____ side of the world strikes the ___ half of the retina

fovea

is the central region of the retina; provides for the clearest vision, including fine detail

rods

responds to faint light

cones

are responsible for the perception of color

trichromatic theory

is the idea that there are three receptors in the retina of the eye, each sensitive to its own specific color.

red, green, blue

three colors

green; white; red

If you stare at a _____ dot for a while, and then you move your gaze to a ____ wall, you will see a ___ dot afterimage

retinex theory

is the best theory to explain why an individual who is wearing yellow colored glasses can still identify the color of a green Apple

Cone cells

are more useful in bright light; responsible for high acuity tasks, such as reading and colored vision.

The somatosensory system

Includes discriminative touch. Discriminative touch identifies the shape of the object

Discriminative touch

also identifies deep pressure, cold, warmth, pain, itch, tickle, and the position and the movement of joints.

spinal nerve

has both a sensory and motor component.

receptors

are responsible for the perception of color are cones only

Endorphins

attach to the same receptor as morphine and produce effects similar to opiate type chemicals such as morphine

Synesthesia

is a neurological condition in which one sense, such as hearing, is simultaneously perceived as if by one or more additional human senses, such as sight.

visual

The region of the cerebral cortex at the very back of the human brain, which is primarily responsive to ______ sensory inputs, is called the occipital lobe.

sees

A person who "____" spoken language or music may be experiencing synesthesia

pain, warmth, cold

The somatosensory receptors detect ____, ____ and _____.

Cognitive neuroscience

Which field for theoretical input have many successful brain injury rehab programs not rely upon?

Neurodegenerative dementing disorders: including mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's syndrome

traumatic brain injury has also been identified as a potential risk factor when the occurrence of which disorder?

biochemical

traumatic brain injury can result in diffused lesions in the brain and these lesions result in _______changes?

Depression

what is the most cited psychological disturbance after brain injury?