3. Frameworks for Health Promotion, Disease Prevention, and Risk Reduction- Community Nursing

health

quality, an ability to adapt to change, or a resource to cope with challenges and processes of daily living

well-being

subjective perception of full functional ability as a human being

Core Activities of Public Health

Providing essential input to interdisciplinary programs

Evaluating health trends and risk factors

Working with communities or specific population groups within the community

participating in assessing and evaluating healthcare services

health literacy

The degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate decisions

health literacy universal precautions

Practices that healthcare providers use to make all health information easier to understand, to confirm client-provider comprehension, and to reduce the difficulty of health-related tasks

primary prevention

When an individual or a group is considered in good health and shows no signs or symptoms of disease or physical challenges, nurses in interdisciplinary teams and community partnerships are involved

secondary prevention

planned effort to minimize the impact of a disease or injury once it is in effect. Secondary prevention is used at an early stage of pathogenesis or physical or emotional challenges

secondary prevention uses the...

science of screening, initial recognition of the stage of an illness or physical challenge, which can progress to greater or lesser severity over time

secondary prevention utilizes early surveillance

Surveillance: the impact of a disease, how its spread, how to control it, how to detect outbreak

Mass screening: applied to entire population

Blood lead level screening

Papanicolaou (Pap) smears

Phenylketonuria of newborn

Selective screening: performed for specific high-risk population

Mammographies for young women at high risk for cancer

Tuberculin tests for hospital employees

Occupational diseases

Exposure to radiation

Multiphasic screening: a variety of screening tests applied to the same population on the same occasion

Series of tests performed on a single blood sample

Periodic surveillance of drug therapy

Monitoring the stage of an illness

Case finding: clinician's search for illness as a part of a client's periodic health examination

Monitoring the health of individuals in a case load

secondary prevention uses what type of testing?

sensitivity and specificity

sensitivity

testing correctly to identify persons who have the disease/physical challenge

high sensitivity

True positive (people who have the disease and test positive)

low sensitivity

False negative (people who have the disease but test negative [normal])

specificity

testing to identify persons who do not have the disease

high specificity

True negative (people who do not have the disease and test negative)

low specificity

False positive (people who do not have the disease but test positive [abnormal])

tertiary prevention

long-term management and treatment of clients with chronic conditions, such as HIV/AIDS and cancer, so that quality of life is maintained, despite the fact that the condition will not improve and will most likely worsen

tertiary prevention involves...

Rehabilitation and palliative care

Bring emotional support to clients

Populations at risk for low health literacy

Adults over 65

Individuals with limited education or low income

Non-native speakers of English

Racial and ethnic minorities

Recent refugees and immigrants

Adults with any type of disability, difficulty, or illness

information literate

Reading ability

Comprehend complex health information

Identify key information from dense text

Understand directions for medication

Understand nutrition labels

Understand and follow directions for varied health-related procedures and treatments

Understand information to give informed consent

Read and follow appointment slips

Apply written information to make effective health-related decisions

Find credible health-related information independently

visually literate

Understand and apply information from graphs, charts, diagrams, pictures, graphic instructions

communication-literate

Provide a health history

Describe symptoms

Ask and respond to health-related questions

Listen and understand verbal instructions and teaching

computationally literate

Calculate doses

Calculate calories within specialized diets

Measure liquid medications

Calculate deductibles, co-payments, and premium costs

analytically literate

Compare and analyze insurance costs and covered benefits

Understand risk-benefit ratio of treatment options and health promotion activities

Interpret test results (blood glucose, peak flow results, etc.)

computer literate

Operate a computer

Navigate the internet

Obtain, evaluate, and apply web-based health-related information

Access and use personal information from a health portal

Beyond reading, health literacy involves a complex group of...

istening, computational, navigational, analytical, and decision-making skills, and the ability to apply these skills to varied health situations

effective questioning

Ask Me 3

ask me 3 questions

What is my main problem?

What do I need to do?

Why is it important for me to do this?

ask me 3

provide a useful guide for clients, encouraging them to speak up and ask questions. These three questions are useful in focusing important conversations; making all clinical encounters and health education sessions interactive can increase understanding for both the provider and the client

Evidence-based health literacy universal precautions

promote specific strategies and practices that should be used with all clients to reduce the common mismatch that occurs between a clinician's level of communication and a client's level of comprehension

evidence shows that clients often misinterpret or do not understand much of the health information given to them by healthcare providers

This lack of understanding can lead to medication errors, poor self-management of chronic conditions, limited participation in health promotion activities, and adverse health outcomes

Healthy People 2030 and health literacy

acknowledges the relationship among health literacy, health communication, and health outcomes

Two overarching health communication objectives identified in HP 2020 are

- Improve the health literacy of the population

- Increased proportion of persons who report that their healthcare providers have satisfactory communication skills

written communication

Use plain, simple words

Avoid medical jargon

Write at the fifth grade level

Use short sentences

Use bulleted lists

Use active voice

Focus on no more than four key points

Begin with most important point

Use headings and subheadings to separate information

Chunk similar information

Use white space and reasonable font size

Add pictures graphic illustrations to illustrate information

Summarize key points at the beginning and the end

spoken communication

Establish a shame-free learning environment

Show respect and a helpful, caring attitude

Face the client

Speak slowly, clearly

Use simple, everyday language, avoiding medical jargon

Encourage questions

Teach clients to use Ask Me 3

Repeat and review key points

Use written information, pictures, videos, and other visual aids to reinforce spoken communication

Use teach-back and show-me methods to verify comprehension

Summarize at the end

ecologic model

Model that considers intrapersonal attributes, interpersonal dynamics, person/environment interactions, cultural beliefs, and attitudes

relapse prevention model

A change model that is used primarily to assist people struggling with relapse and recovery from substance use