Anatomy Exam 1 DPT

Functions of the skin

1. Protection

2. Containment

3. Heat regulation

4. Sensation

5. Synthesis of Vit. D

Epidermis

basal layer: stack up until apoptosis

avascular (nursihed by dermis)

afferent nerve endings

Dermis

Includes: hair follicles, arrestor pili, sebaceous & sweat glands. Deep layers: collagen & elastic fibers (also have blood vessels)

Superficial Fascia (SubQ tissue)

loose fatty connective tissues. Regulates heat and protects skin from body prominences. Has: sweat glands, blood vessel, lymph & cutaneous nerves.

Skin Ligaments (in SubQ)

fibrous bands --> Sub Q to dermis to attach dermis to deep fascia (ie. holds skin to deep fascia)

Deep Fascia

dense CT, covers muscles to increase efficiency from unneeded bulging when contracting. Has facial compartments

Two types of bones

Spongy & Compact

Spongy Bone

has medullary cavity where bone marrow resides. Red & Yellow- only adults have red in sternum and iliac crest

Compact Bone

Crystalline structure; hard

Organic bone

osteoblasts/clasts & other cells

Inorganic bone

made of 'salts' - Ca & Ph

Rickets

Low inorganic compound causing knock knee/bow legs in children--> weak

Osteoporosis

low organic and inorganic components

Green-stick Fx

Occur in youth due to soft bones bending and then breaking (green stick like a fresh twig bends then snaps)

6 Classifications of bones (shape)

Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, Sesamoid, Accessory

Short bones

[tarsals & carpals] have a 1st degree ossification center ONLY, except the calcaneus

Arterial Supply to Bones (3)

1. periosteal arteries - supply periosteum

2. nutrient artery- into foramen

3. metaphyseal & epiphyseal arteries- supply each part

Venous and Lymph vessels in bones

take blood/fluid away and to heart

Nerve Supply of Bones

periosteal nerves : sensory

vasomotor nerves

Vasomotor Nerves of the bone

cause vaso-constriction/dilation to regulate flow to bone marrow

5 Functions of the Bones

Protection

Support

Movement (levers)

Blood Cells

Storage (salts)

3 types of Joints

Fiborous (Synarthrosis)

Cartilaginous

Synovial

3 types of Fiborous Joints

Sutures

Syndesmosis

Gomphosis

Suture Joints

multiple layers of FT

Syndesmosis

single layer of FT

Gomphosis

"bolt-like", hold teeth to jaw bone

Cartilaginous Joints

Hyaline (primary)

Fibrocartilage (secondary)

Synchondroses

hyaline (primary) cartilaginous joints. R1 to sternum

Symphyses

fibrocartilaginous (secondary)

vertebral disc, mentee (chin), pubic symphysis

Synovial Joint features

Most Common *

1. Joint Cavity with fluid

2. Articular Cartilage

3. Articular Capsule

Articular Cartilage

hyaline, avascular, contains synovial fluid

Articular Capsule

fiborous capsule with intrinsic & extrinsic ligaments. synovial membrane, articular discs.

Types of Synovial Joints (6)

Condyloid

Pivot

Hinge

Saddle

Ball & Socket

Plane

Plane Joint

Synovial. Uniaxial

[ AC joint, wrist, ankles ]

Hinge Joint

Synovial. Uniaxial.

[ ulnar humeral]

Condyloid Joint

Synovial. Biaxial.

[ knuckles, occipital & C1 ]

Saddle Joint

Synovial, Biaxial.

[ thumb ]

Ball & Socket Joint

Synovial. Multiaxial.

[ shoulder, hip ]

Pivot Joint

Synovial. Uniaxial.

[ C1 C2 ]

Hilton's Law

"a nerve that supplies the joint also supplies the muscles that move the joint & the skin covering that muscle"

Joint Proprioception & Pain

joint nerves have proprioception

pain is sensed by the fibrous layer of the joint capsule & the accessory ligaments

Articular Arteries

supply joints with blood, accompanied by viens

Anastomoses around joints

2 different blood vessels branch from one source to surround joint. For backup if one gets pinched off

Types of Skeletal Muscles (7)

Longitudinal

Uni/Bi pennate

Multipennate

Flat

Fusiform

Quadrate

Circular/Sphincteral

Longitudinal Muscles

fibers are parallel to F generated

suited for long distance of mov't

Uni/Bipennate Muscles

arranged at an angle (usually 0-30 degrees)

pennation allows for compact/space saving & a greater force production

Multipennate

several angles

Flat Muscles

parallel fibers with often aponeurosis (takes place of tendon in sheet like muscles)

Quadrate Muscles

4 = sides

Circular/Sphincteral Muscle

surround body opening

Muscle Attachment Sites (6)

tendon

aponeurosis

fascia

skin (facial expression)

mucous membranes (swallowing)

insertion & distal attachments

Cardiac Muscle

myocardium

involuntary

autonomic control

Smooth Muscle

walls of blood vessels & GI tract

involuntary

autonomic control

partial contractions

peristaltic waves

Artery Walls

Superficial to deep:

Tunica Adventitia

Media

Intima

Types of Arteries

Arterioles

Muscular Arteries

Elastic Arteries

Arterioles

smallest type

thick walls, narrow lumen

regulate pressure

Muscular Arteries

distribute blood

regulate flow to certain body parts

Elastic Arteries

largest

elastin walls

maintain BP in cardiac contractions [aorta]

Vasa Vasorum

blood vessel for (large) blood vessels

Veins...

blood return

thin walls

skeletal muscles "pump"

valves (unidirectional)

venules (to capillaries)

plexuses (bunch of small veins)

venae comitantes

vasa vasorum

Venae Comitantes

paired viens on sides of artery to aid blood return

Capillaries are:

endothelial tubes connecting artery to vein

under autonomic control

AV shunts- conserve body heat

AV Shunts

control body heat by regulating superficial and distal blood flow

Lymphatic System

tissue fluid -> lymph -> lymph capillaries -> afferent lymphatics -> lymph node -> efferent lymphatics

The lymph trunk drains into thoracic and right lymphatic ducts

Lymphatic Functions (3)

1. drain & filter tissue fluid

2. absorb & drain fat

3. defense mechanism