motor behavior terminology quiz

motor skills

the body’s ability to manage the process of movements

motor development

physical growth and development to produce better movements

continues process of change

related to age

sequential change

aging

the process that leads to loss of adaptability or full function and eventually to death

constraint

a characteristic of the individual, environment, or task that encourages some movements while discouraging others

individual constraints

a persons unique physical and mental characteristics

structural constraints

related to the body’s structure

functional constraints

related to behavioral function (mental)

environmental constraints

external factors and conditions that influence how a person learns and performs motor skills

task constraints

specific characteristics and requirements of a motor skill or task that shape the movement patterns and behaviors used

Newell’s Model

movements arise from the interactions of the individual, environment, and task

• if any of these factors change, the movement changes

motor learning

relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability associated with practice or experience

skill acquisition

is a set of process associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capacity for movement

theories

provide a systematic way to look and explain developmental change

genetics & heredity

primary responsible for motor development and that the environment had little effect

maturation

a process controlled by internal (genetic) factors rather than external (environmental) factors

dynamical systems approach

the very organization of physical and chemical systems constraints behavior

rate limiter

an individual constraint or system that holds back or slows the emergence of a motor skill

ex. rate limiter for walking = muscular strength

affodance

describes the function an environmental object provides to an individual

body scaling

the process of changing the dimensions of the environment or an environmental object in relation to the structural constraints of a performer

differentiation

the process wherein cells become specialized, forming specific tissues and organs

hyperplasia

increase in the absolute number of cells

hypertrophy

increase in the relative size of an individual cell

cephalocaudal

the direction of growth beginning at the head and extending toward the lower body

proximodistal

the direction of growth proceeding from the body toward the extremities

plasticity

modifiability or malleability; regarding growth, it is the ability of tissues to subsume functions otherwise carried out other tissues

congenital defects

anomalies present at birth, regardless of whether their causes are genetic or extrinsic

dominant disorders

one parent passes on a defective gene

recessive disorder

children who inherit a defective gene from each parent

teratogen

any drug or chemical agent that. abuses abnormal development in a fetus upon exposure

genetic abnormalities

the alteration or deletion of a gene during formation of the egg or sperm cell

sigmoid curve

the pattern of overall body growth

early childhood

sex differences are minimal

later childhood

girls mature faster than boys

age at takeoff

the age at which rate of growth begins to increase

secondary sex characteristics

aspects of form or structure appropriate to males or females, often used to assess physiological maturity in adolescents

catchup growth

relatively rapid growth of the body to recover some or all potential growth lost during a period of negative extrinsic influence

spinal column

decrease from compression and flattening of the body’s connective tissue