chap. 2-Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Review

A set of vocabulary flashcards summarizing key concepts in Anatomy & Physiology from lecture notes.

Levels of organization of the human body

Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System.

Homeostasis

The tendency to maintain a stable internal environment.

Components of a cell

Include cell wall, cell membrane, nuclear membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm.

Epidermis

The superficial protective layer of the skin.

Skeletal System

Consists of bones, ligaments, and cartilages binding bones at joints.

Axial Skeleton

The part of the skeleton that supports and protects the organs of the head, neck, and trunk.

Appendicular Skeleton

Consists of the bones of the limbs and those that anchor the limbs to the axial skeleton.

Long bones

Bones that act as levers (e.g., femur, humerus).

Short bones

Useful bridges (e.g., metacarpals, metatarsals).

Flat bones

Protective shells (e.g., ribs).

Irregular bones

Such as pelvis and vertebrae.

Circulatory System

Transports substances essential for cellular metabolism and maintains homeostasis.

Heart

Has four chambers: atria and ventricles responsible for blood flow.

Pulmonary capillaries

The site where gas exchange occurs between blood and air in the lungs.

Muscular system

Consists largely of cells that contract and relax.

Skeletal muscle

Voluntary muscle with striations that attaches to bones by tendons.

Smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle that lacks striations.

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary, rhythmical muscle type found in the heart.

Integumentary System

Consists of skin and associated structures like hair, glands, and nails.

Dermis

Deeper layer of skin containing nerves and blood vessels.

Hypodermis

The deepest layer of skin; binds the dermis and underlying organs.

Digestive System

Involves ingestion, digestion, elimination of waste, and absorption of nutrients.

Respiratory System

Functions in gas exchange and maintains body pH homeostasis.

Nervous System

Responsible for detecting changes and initiating responses.

Endocrine System

Secretes hormones and regulates bodily functions.

Urinary System

Filters blood and eliminates waste as urine.

Reproductive System

Involves the organs of gamete production and hormonal regulation.