Development and Learning (Unit 3)

Cross sectional research methods

A type of research design i. Which you collect data from many different individuals at a single point in time.

Longitudinal research methods

Employ continuous or repeated measures to follow particular individuals over prolonged periods of time.

Teratogens

Any substance, agent, or process tgat interferes with normal prenatal development, causing the formation of one or more developmental abnormalities in the fetus.

Motor Skills

Abilities that involve physical movement and coordination

Rooting reflex

The tendency for an infant to move its mouth toward any object that touches its cheek.

Visual cliff apparatus

A tool used to study the development of depth perception in humans and animals

Adolescence

The transitory period from childhood to adulthood, generally beginning within puberty and extending into independent adulthood. (Aka teenagers)

Gender

Social constraints rather than the biological male or female designation.

Jean Piaget

A Swiss psychologist known for his work on child development

Crystallized intelligence

The ability to apply previously learned knowledge to solve a new task.

Fluid intelligence

The ability to solve new tasks for which there is no prior knowledge

Noam Chomsky

A theory of language development that suggest that children's possess the inherent ability to acquire languages

Ecological systems (5 of them)

1. Microsystem

2. Mesosystem

3. Exosystem

4. Macrosystem

5. Chronosystem

Types of parenting styles (3 of them)

1. Authoritative

2. Permissive

3. Authoritarian

Types of attachment styles (4 of them)

1. Secure

2. Avoidant

3. Ambivalent

4. Disorganized

Erik Erikson

A theorists who believed that each stage of life had its own task to overcome

Psychosocial development stages *8 of them)

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (occurs during infancy)

2. Autonomy vs. Shame& doubt (occurs during toddlerhood)

3. Initiative vs. Guilt (occurs during preschool )

4. Industry vs. Inferiority (occurs during school age)

5. Identity vs. Role (occurs during adolescents)

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (occurs during young adulthood)

7. Generality vs. Stagnation

8. Integrity vs. Despair

Classical conditioning

The process in which an automatic, conditioned responses is paired with specific stimuli

Operant conditioning

A form of learning described by many behaviorists in which a response increases in frequency as a result of its being followed by reinforcement.

Reinforcement

A stimulus that increases the likelihood that a specific behavior will occur

Punishment

Any change that occurs after a behavior that reduces the likelihood that the behavior will happen again in the future