Anatomy Flashcards

A set of 111 flashcards covering anatomy related to the skull, pharynx, tongue, palate, and facial muscles.

adult human skull

Generally consists of 22 bones.

cranial skeleton

Contains 8 bones.

facial skeleton

Contains 14 bones.

mandible

The only movable craniofacial bone.

ossicles

Malleus, incus, stapes housed in the temporal bone.

foramen

An opening, hole, or passage in bone.

meatus

An opening into a canal or tubular passage.

fossa

A depression or hollow in bone.

fontanelle

A space between bones of the skull in an infant that gradually disappears.

floor of cranial cavity

cranial base 

sagittal suture

Midline suture formed by the meeting of two parietal bones.

coronal suture

Suture between the parietal bones and the frontal bone.

lamboid suture

Suture between the parietal and occipital bones.

squamous suture

Suture between the parietal and temporal bones.

ethmoid bone

Separates the nasal cavity from the brain.

core of the facial skeleton

What the ethmoid bone is called.

frontal bone

Extends from the superior margins of the orbits to the coronal suture.

parietal bone

Quadrilateral and form the bulk of the “vault” of the skull and the sides of the cranium.

foramen magnum

Large oval hole in the occipital bone.

The foramen magnum

Allows the spinal cord to travel from brain to vertebral canal.

temporal bone

Described in four parts: squamous, petrous, mastoid, and tympanic.

mastoid process

Contains air cells and is palpable behind the ear.

mastoiditis

Inflammation of the mastoid air cells.

external auditory meatus

S-shaped ear canal in the temporal bone.

temporal bone fractures

Represent approximately 20% of all skull fractures.

temporomandibular joint (tmj)

Mandibular fossa articulates with the mandible at this joint.

sphenoid bone

Called the 'Cranial keystone' and is butterfly-shaped.

the sphenoid bone articulates with

all other bones: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and ethmoid

ramus

the vertical plate of the mandible

mental protuberance

The median triangular prominence forming the chin.

coronoid process

projects upward from the superior border of the ramus of the mandible, providing attachment for the temporalis muscle.

The body

A horizontal, horseshoe-shaped portion of the mandible 

maxilla

Bone that supports the teeth of the upper jaw.

maxillary sinus

Largest paranasal sinuses housed in the maxillae.

nasal bones

Form the bridge of the nose and are the most commonly fractured facial bones.

palatine bones

L-shaped bones located at the back of the nasal cavity.

cleft palate

When the hard palate doesn't fuse together.

hypernasality

Excessive airflow from the nose when speaking.

lacrimal

Connected with tears or the lacrimal gland

lacrimal bone

Lies in the anterior part of the medial wall of the orbit.

zygomatic bones

Commonly called cheekbones and form the skeleton of the cheeks

inferior nasal conchae

Function to increase the surface area of nasal cavities.

turbinates

Another clinical name for the nasal conchae.

vomer

Single thin plate that separates the two nasal cavities.

nasal septum

Vomer rests along the midline of this and palatine bones.

orbital bones

seven bones form the orbit of the eye

cervical vertebra

Pharynx extends to the level of C6.

esophagus

Pharynx becomes continuous with this at C6.

air and food

The pharynx serves as a common channel for these.

swallowing/deglutition

Main job of the pharyngeal muscles.

nasopharynx

Located above the soft palate. most superior part of the pharynx that serves as an airway.

oropharynx

Located below the velum and above the hyoid bone. second most superior division if the pharynx

laryngopharynx

Lowest part of the pharynx.

superior constrictor

Originates from the pterygoid bone and mandible

insertion of superior constrictor

inserts on the pharyngeal raphe and constricts the pharyngeal

middle constrictor

Originates from the hyoid bone.

pharyngeal raphe

Median tendinous seam where the middle constrictor inserts.

inferior constrictor

Originates from the cricoid cartilage 

what does the inferior constrictor form?

a principal resonating cavity of the vocal mechanism

salpingopharyngeus muscle

Originates from the eustachian tube.

what does the salpingpharyngeus opens during swallowing?

It opens the cartilaginous end of the Eustachian tube

palatopharyngeus muscle

Originates from the soft palate boneand descends to the pharynx, aiding in swallowing and speech.

palatopharyngeus

Part of the posterior faucial pillar.

stylopharyngeus

Originates from the styloid process of the temporal bone.

CN IX

Also known as the glossopharyngeal nerve, it innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle and plays a crucial role in swallowing and taste sensations from the posterior third of the tongue.

muscular hydrostat

the tongue is a muscular hydrostat (structure with no skeletal support)

tongue

Compared to an elephant's trunk in flexibility.

muscles of the tongue

Eight muscles total: four intrinsic and four extrinsic.

functions of the tongue

mastication, swallowing, and taste

shape of tongue

Intrinsic muscles alter this.

position of tongue

Extrinsic muscles control this.

superior longitudinal muscle

Curls the tip and sides of the tongue upward.

inferior longitudinal muscle

Curls the tip of the tongue downward.

transverse muscle

Helps to round, narrow and protrude the tongue.

vertical muscle

Flattens and broadens the tongue.

genioglossus

Shaped like a fan; originates from the mental spine of the mandible.

sticks out and depresses tongue 

Action of the genioglossus.

styloglossus

Originates from the styloid process of the temporal bone.

pulls back and elevates tongue

Action of the styloglossus.

palatoglossus

Originates from the soft palate and forms the anterior arch

shuts off the oral cavity from the oropharynx

the palatogallossus muscle that helps in elevating the back of the tongue.

hyoglossus

Landmark in the floor of the mouth.

where does the hypoglossus originate form?

from the greater horn of the hyoid bone

depresses tongue

Action of the hyoglossus.

primary function of extrinsic muscles

Aid lengthening/shortening is NOT one of them

what sounds require tip elevation

/t/, /d/, /s/, /l/

where does the soft palate mainly attach too

the posterior of the palatine bone

during swallowing what rises to seal off the nasal cavity

the soft palate rises

what prevents food and liquid from entering the nasal cavity 

the soft palate prevents it

what is the least mobile attachment point of a muscle

the orgin of the muscle

insertion of a muscle

More mobile attachment point of a muscle.

articulation

Process of modifying sound to produce distinct vowels and consonants.

phonation

Production of sound by vibration of the vocal folds.

facial expression muscles

Innervated by cranial nerve VII.

CN VII damage

would most directly affect facial expression and bilabial articulation 

modiolus

a fibromuscular Mass that acts as a central anchor for lip muscles.

buccinator

Deep muscle in the cheek originating from the alveolar processes.

what does the buccinator do?

Buccinator helps maintain intraoral pressure during plosive consonants like /p/ and /b/

risorius

originates from the fascia over the masseter muscle

Risorious

originates from fascia over the masseter muscle