Nursing Research 1

Research

a systematic, controlled, empirical & critical investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory & hypothesis about the presumed relations among such phenomena (Kerlinger, 1986)

Thesis Statement

• clearly identifies the topic being discussed which includes the points discussed in the paper, and is written for a specific audience

• tells the reader how you will interpret the significance of the subject matter under discussion

• is a-road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper

• is usually a single sentence near the beginning of your paper (most often, at the end of the 1" paragraph) that presents your argument to the reader. The rest of the paper, the body of the essay, gathers and organizes evidence that will persuade the reader of the logic of your interpretation.

To verify is to find whether what was found to be true fifty years ago is still true today.

To discover is to find truth about a subject which was not yet part of the stream of knowledge.

The purpose of research

Empirical

if it is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher. The collection of data relies on practical experience without the benefit of the scientific knowledge or inquiry.

Logical

when is based on valid procedures & principles.

Scientific studies are conducted in an orderly manner so the researchers have confidence on the results.

Cyclical

it starts with a problem & ends with a problem. For instance, a researcher who completes his study states his fi dings and draws up his conclusions and recommendations. Recommendations will become new problems; hence, the cycle is repeated.

Critical

Research exhibits careful and precise judgment. A higher level of confidence must be established. Based on these levels of confidence, the researchers are confidently precise in their interpretation s on whether the results are significant or insignificant, or whether to reject or accept the hypothesis/es.

Methodical

Research is undertaken using methods. Systematic procedures and methods are used to ensure objectivity & appropriateness of the study.

Replicabilitu

to enable the researcher to arrive at valid & conclusive results.

Simitarities and differences of replicated researches can be compared. The more replications of researches the more valid and conclusive the results would be.

Empirical

Logical

Cyclical

Analytical

Critical

Methodical

Replicability

Characteristics of Research

1. details the problem statement

2. further describes & refines the issue under study

3. adds focus to the problem statement

4. guides data collection and analysis

5. sets thê context of research

A good research question:

• feasible

• interesting

• novel

• ethical

• relevant

• manageable.

• appropriate

• potential value and publishability

• systematic

It can also be represented by acronym FINERMAPS

Pure or Theoretical research

Applied or Practical research

Action research

Exploratory research

Causal research

Major Types of Research

Pure or Theoretical Research

• conducted for the sake of knowing

• its main obiective is to test or arrive at a theory with the ultimate goal of establishing general principles (Fox, 1969)

• the knowledge it gains is not intended for any practical purposes such as improving the life of the poor or solving a social problem (Gooyert & Größler, 2019).

Applied or practical research

*done to obtain knowledge for useful ends

*the intention is not just to obtain knowledge but to use that knowledge for useful ends & to solve certain difficulties or discomfort, or to improve the prevailing condition which, in its present state, may be satisfactory but which has still room or possibility for improvements (Edgar & Manz, 2017).

Action research

• undertaken by participants in social situations to improve their way of life

• designed to study societies with the aim of changing their practices

• a community-based method which employ a wide range of settings from hospitals and health clinics to clubs, factories & schools (Sagor, 2020).

Designing

Collecting data

Analyzing data

Communicating outcomes

Taking action

Action research cycle

Exploratory research

• done to investigate a problem that has not been studied or thoroughly investigated in the past but does not always end in conclusive results

• often done in qualitative research that uses open-ended questions

• allows the researcher to have a deeper & wider understanding of certain phenomenon, culture, or people (Winston, 2020).

Causal research

This type of research is done when the data is quantitative, planned and structured in nature: This is opposed to the observational style of descriptive research because it attempts to decipher whether a relationship is causal through experimentation.

-obiectives: the 1st is to understand which varia bles are the causes and which variables are the effects; and the 2nd is to determine the nature of the relationship between the causal variable s and the effect to be predicted (Oppewal, 2010).

Applied research

Basic research

Action research

Outcomes of research

Action research

*problem-oriented which is concerned with the application of scientific theory to real-life problems.

Basic research

*conducted primarily to improve our understanding-of various issues, without emphasizing the immediate application.

Action research

• both an outcome & a part of the research.

• "interferes" with or changes - deliberately - what is being researched.